Strategic Marketing Management

Guidelines for â€Å"Strategic Marketing Project† Elements: 1. Environmental Analysis (SWOT) 2. Identifying Customers 3. Competitor/Value Creation Analysis 4. Marketing Mix: The 4 P’s 5. Financial Analysis and Budget 6. Implementation and Control Plan 1. Know Your Marketplace †¢ Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) †¢ Trends and changes: – Market analysis – Segmentation – Prioritizing target markets 1. Know who you are selling to (market analysis, segmentation, prioritizing targets) 2. Know what is important to targeted customers (customer analysis) 3. Make sure you are distinctively different from your competition in areas of importance to targeted segments (competitive analysis, reallocation of resources if necessary, positioning, market intelligence) 4. Focus attention of everyone on delivering what the customer wants (management of people, monitoring and control). 5. Constant monitoring of changes in the market (market intelligence, market analysis, internal feedback system) The most fundamental marketing concept is treating customers like you are truly interested in them. That means making sure you are meeting needs that customers perceive as important. Meeting needs is the heartland of every marketing program. A useful tool in assessing the marketplace is SWOT. Assessing the opportunities and threats and how the business can capitalize on them or avoid them using the firm’s strengths weaknesses 2. Who Are Your Customers? Customer/Consumer Trends Customers †¢ Just-in-time inventory †¢ Business to business (B2B) †¢ Manufacturing mentality †¢ Industrialization of agriculture Consumers †¢ Households with fewer people †¢ Active, on-the-go lifestyles Concern over the health aspect of food, with a desire for good taste †¢ Less time for meal prep Know What Is Important to Your Customer †¢ Get inside the mind of your customers †¢ Find out why they would buy from you. . . or why they would not †¢ Truly understand their needs – Intentional listening – Customer analysis – Solve their p roblems 3. Competitor/Value Creation Analysis Make sure you are distinctively different from your competition in areas of importance to your customers †¢ Competitive analysis †¢ Reallocation of resources if necessary †¢ Positioning The Value Chain The Value Chain, or value plate, does is breakdown the functions of a company into its activities to provide a way to assess the internal capacities of the business. The value chain categorizes the generic value-adding activities of an organization. The â€Å"primary activities† include: inbound logistics, operations (production), outbound logistics, marketing and sales (demand), and services (maintenance). The â€Å"support activities† include: administrative infrastructure management, human resource management, technology (R&D), and procurement. The costs and value drivers are identified for each value activity. The value chain framework quickly made its way to the forefront of management thought as a powerful analysis tool for strategic planning. 4. Determining the Marketing Mix †¢ The set of controllable variables that will accomplish the marketing objectives: †¢ Product strategy †¢ Place (distribution) strategy †¢ Promotion (communication) strategy †¢ Pricing strategy Product Strategy †¢ Portfolio of Products – Flavors, colors, variants, blends, genres etc – Fits your strengths and weaknesses – Provides acceptable risk/return trade off – Meets needs of a particular customer segment Quality – No. 1 versus No. 2 – †¢ Service – Timely custom operations – Pre-sorting of grain or livestock quality †¢ Volume – Large and small quantities – Guaranteed volumes (contract) Example: McDonald’s Product Package †¢ Food †¢ Fast service †¢ Fun for the kids †¢ Variety â € ¢ Non-smoking †¢ Consistent product Place/Distribution Strategy †¢ Location – Delivery to multiple points Promotion Strategy †¢ Advertising – Creating TVC, Radio copy, Print ads, outdoor/hoardings ad, Posters, brochures and other advertisements on the products – Creating a logo †¢ Personal Selling Telling your customers how you create value – Having lunch with the corporate customer/vendor †¢ Public Relations – Being a good neighbor – Being involved in the community – Open house days Price Strategy Price is the cost the customer must bear in order to obtain the product. It includes: †¢ list price †¢ discounts †¢ allowances †¢ payment period †¢ credit terms Pricing Methods †¢ Value-Based Pricing – Set price based on buyers’ perception of value (rather than on the seller’s costs) †¢ Cost-Based Pricing – Add a standard markup to the cost of the pr oduct †¢ Competition-Based Pricing Set price based on following competitors’ prices 5. Financial Analysis and Budgeting †¢ Estimate the demand given the pricing and promotion strategy. †¢ Determine expenses associated with production and marketing. †¢ Determine anticipated cash flows. †¢ Will strategy cash flow? When? †¢ What are the critical assumptions of the financial analysis and what are the impacts of changes in those assumptions? 6. Implementation and Control †¢ Focus attention of everyone on delivering what the customer wants – Management of people – Monitoring and control Good luck! Strategic Marketing Management Strategic Marketing Management Sample Exam Questions Question 1: a. Is the PLC (Product life cycle) concept useful in developing Marketing strategies? Describe why or why not? What are the limitations of the PLC concept? A strategy is a fundamental pattern of present and planned objectives, resource deployments, and interactions of an organisation with markets, competitors and other environmental factors. b. What are the advantages available to Google with their Google maps (as a Pioneer firm) in the Internet search engine market? What are the advantages available to any of the follower firms in the market? c. Under what conditions to pioneer and follower strategies each have the greatest probability of long-term success? Question 2: a. Explain the term ‘sustainable competitive advantage’ b. Discuss five (5) differentiation and five (5) overall cost leadership strategies a firm can pursuer to create sustainable competitive advantages c. What are four (4) different types of businesses based on their intended rate of product-market development as proposed by Miles and Snow? d. You are the marketing manager for a generic products division of a major pharmaceutical manufacturer. Your division is a low-cost defender that maintains its position in the generic drug market by holding down its costs and selling generic products to distributors and pharmacies at very low prices. What are the implications of this business strategy for each of the 4Ps in the strategic marketing programme you would develop for your division? Question 3: a. What is market orientation? What are the advantages and drawbacks of being ‘market oriented’ for a firm like Qantas Airways? Lecture 1: Market orientation is implementing a more customer-focused approach to marketing. This involves companies that make what they can sell as opposed to selling what they can make. Market oriented companies have a broad product line and base their pricing on perceived benefits provided as opposed to production and distribution costs as Product oriented firms do. Their research is focused on identifying new opportunities and applying new technology to satisfy customer needs as opposed to product improvement and cost cutting solutions like product oriented firms. Such companies design packaging for customer convenience and use it as a promotional tool rather than to merely protect the product or reduce costs involved and they emphasise their promotion on product benefits and ability to satisfy customer needs or solve problems (as opposed to product features, quality and price). Advantages include†¦ b. Discuss the factors that mediate a marketing’s strategic role within an organisation Lecture 1: Competitive factors affect a firms market orientation Influence of different development stages across industries and global markets Strategic Inertia . Outline the major levels of strategy in most large, multi-product organisations Lecture 1: 1. Corporate Strategy: Decisions about the organisation’s scope and resource deployments across its divisions or businesses 2. Business-level strategy: How a business unit competes within its industry 3. Marketing strategy (Functional) Effective allocation and coordination of marketing resourc es and activities d. List the five components of a well-developed strategy. Lecture 1: 1. Scope (breadth of the strategic domain) 2. Goals and Objectives (What is to be accomplished) 3. Resource deployments (Allocation of limited resources) 4. Identification of sustainable competitive advantage (How the organisation will compete) 5. Synergy (Whole greater than the sum of parts) Question 5: Apple computer’s iPods holds a commanding share of the rapidly growing global market for digital music players. To maintain its lead as the market continues to grow, what strategic marketing objectives should Apple focus on and why? Which specific marketing actions would you recommend for accomplishing Apple’s objectives? Be specific with regard to each of the 4Ps in the firm’s marketing programme. Question 6. While we have seen that a business may have a number of other strategic options, the conventional wisdom suggests that a declining business should either be divested or harvested for maximum cash flow. Under what kinds of market and competitive conditions do each of these two conventional strategies make good sense? What kinds of marketing actions are typically involved in successfully implementing a harvesting strategy? Strategic Marketing Management Strategic Marketing Management Sample Exam Questions Question 1: a. Is the PLC (Product life cycle) concept useful in developing Marketing strategies? Describe why or why not? What are the limitations of the PLC concept? A strategy is a fundamental pattern of present and planned objectives, resource deployments, and interactions of an organisation with markets, competitors and other environmental factors. b. What are the advantages available to Google with their Google maps (as a Pioneer firm) in the Internet search engine market? What are the advantages available to any of the follower firms in the market? c. Under what conditions to pioneer and follower strategies each have the greatest probability of long-term success? Question 2: a. Explain the term ‘sustainable competitive advantage’ b. Discuss five (5) differentiation and five (5) overall cost leadership strategies a firm can pursuer to create sustainable competitive advantages c. What are four (4) different types of businesses based on their intended rate of product-market development as proposed by Miles and Snow? d. You are the marketing manager for a generic products division of a major pharmaceutical manufacturer. Your division is a low-cost defender that maintains its position in the generic drug market by holding down its costs and selling generic products to distributors and pharmacies at very low prices. What are the implications of this business strategy for each of the 4Ps in the strategic marketing programme you would develop for your division? Question 3: a. What is market orientation? What are the advantages and drawbacks of being ‘market oriented’ for a firm like Qantas Airways? Lecture 1: Market orientation is implementing a more customer-focused approach to marketing. This involves companies that make what they can sell as opposed to selling what they can make. Market oriented companies have a broad product line and base their pricing on perceived benefits provided as opposed to production and distribution costs as Product oriented firms do. Their research is focused on identifying new opportunities and applying new technology to satisfy customer needs as opposed to product improvement and cost cutting solutions like product oriented firms. Such companies design packaging for customer convenience and use it as a promotional tool rather than to merely protect the product or reduce costs involved and they emphasise their promotion on product benefits and ability to satisfy customer needs or solve problems (as opposed to product features, quality and price). Advantages include†¦ b. Discuss the factors that mediate a marketing’s strategic role within an organisation Lecture 1: Competitive factors affect a firms market orientation Influence of different development stages across industries and global markets Strategic Inertia . Outline the major levels of strategy in most large, multi-product organisations Lecture 1: 1. Corporate Strategy: Decisions about the organisation’s scope and resource deployments across its divisions or businesses 2. Business-level strategy: How a business unit competes within its industry 3. Marketing strategy (Functional) Effective allocation and coordination of marketing resourc es and activities d. List the five components of a well-developed strategy. Lecture 1: 1. Scope (breadth of the strategic domain) 2. Goals and Objectives (What is to be accomplished) 3. Resource deployments (Allocation of limited resources) 4. Identification of sustainable competitive advantage (How the organisation will compete) 5. Synergy (Whole greater than the sum of parts) Question 5: Apple computer’s iPods holds a commanding share of the rapidly growing global market for digital music players. To maintain its lead as the market continues to grow, what strategic marketing objectives should Apple focus on and why? Which specific marketing actions would you recommend for accomplishing Apple’s objectives? Be specific with regard to each of the 4Ps in the firm’s marketing programme. Question 6. While we have seen that a business may have a number of other strategic options, the conventional wisdom suggests that a declining business should either be divested or harvested for maximum cash flow. Under what kinds of market and competitive conditions do each of these two conventional strategies make good sense? What kinds of marketing actions are typically involved in successfully implementing a harvesting strategy? Strategic Marketing Management Guidelines for â€Å"Strategic Marketing Project† Elements: 1. Environmental Analysis (SWOT) 2. Identifying Customers 3. Competitor/Value Creation Analysis 4. Marketing Mix: The 4 P’s 5. Financial Analysis and Budget 6. Implementation and Control Plan 1. Know Your Marketplace †¢ Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) †¢ Trends and changes: – Market analysis – Segmentation – Prioritizing target markets 1. Know who you are selling to (market analysis, segmentation, prioritizing targets) 2. Know what is important to targeted customers (customer analysis) 3. Make sure you are distinctively different from your competition in areas of importance to targeted segments (competitive analysis, reallocation of resources if necessary, positioning, market intelligence) 4. Focus attention of everyone on delivering what the customer wants (management of people, monitoring and control). 5. Constant monitoring of changes in the market (market intelligence, market analysis, internal feedback system) The most fundamental marketing concept is treating customers like you are truly interested in them. That means making sure you are meeting needs that customers perceive as important. Meeting needs is the heartland of every marketing program. A useful tool in assessing the marketplace is SWOT. Assessing the opportunities and threats and how the business can capitalize on them or avoid them using the firm’s strengths weaknesses 2. Who Are Your Customers? Customer/Consumer Trends Customers †¢ Just-in-time inventory †¢ Business to business (B2B) †¢ Manufacturing mentality †¢ Industrialization of agriculture Consumers †¢ Households with fewer people †¢ Active, on-the-go lifestyles Concern over the health aspect of food, with a desire for good taste †¢ Less time for meal prep Know What Is Important to Your Customer †¢ Get inside the mind of your customers †¢ Find out why they would buy from you. . . or why they would not †¢ Truly understand their needs – Intentional listening – Customer analysis – Solve their p roblems 3. Competitor/Value Creation Analysis Make sure you are distinctively different from your competition in areas of importance to your customers †¢ Competitive analysis †¢ Reallocation of resources if necessary †¢ Positioning The Value Chain The Value Chain, or value plate, does is breakdown the functions of a company into its activities to provide a way to assess the internal capacities of the business. The value chain categorizes the generic value-adding activities of an organization. The â€Å"primary activities† include: inbound logistics, operations (production), outbound logistics, marketing and sales (demand), and services (maintenance). The â€Å"support activities† include: administrative infrastructure management, human resource management, technology (R&D), and procurement. The costs and value drivers are identified for each value activity. The value chain framework quickly made its way to the forefront of management thought as a powerful analysis tool for strategic planning. 4. Determining the Marketing Mix †¢ The set of controllable variables that will accomplish the marketing objectives: †¢ Product strategy †¢ Place (distribution) strategy †¢ Promotion (communication) strategy †¢ Pricing strategy Product Strategy †¢ Portfolio of Products – Flavors, colors, variants, blends, genres etc – Fits your strengths and weaknesses – Provides acceptable risk/return trade off – Meets needs of a particular customer segment Quality – No. 1 versus No. 2 – †¢ Service – Timely custom operations – Pre-sorting of grain or livestock quality †¢ Volume – Large and small quantities – Guaranteed volumes (contract) Example: McDonald’s Product Package †¢ Food †¢ Fast service †¢ Fun for the kids †¢ Variety â € ¢ Non-smoking †¢ Consistent product Place/Distribution Strategy †¢ Location – Delivery to multiple points Promotion Strategy †¢ Advertising – Creating TVC, Radio copy, Print ads, outdoor/hoardings ad, Posters, brochures and other advertisements on the products – Creating a logo †¢ Personal Selling Telling your customers how you create value – Having lunch with the corporate customer/vendor †¢ Public Relations – Being a good neighbor – Being involved in the community – Open house days Price Strategy Price is the cost the customer must bear in order to obtain the product. It includes: †¢ list price †¢ discounts †¢ allowances †¢ payment period †¢ credit terms Pricing Methods †¢ Value-Based Pricing – Set price based on buyers’ perception of value (rather than on the seller’s costs) †¢ Cost-Based Pricing – Add a standard markup to the cost of the pr oduct †¢ Competition-Based Pricing Set price based on following competitors’ prices 5. Financial Analysis and Budgeting †¢ Estimate the demand given the pricing and promotion strategy. †¢ Determine expenses associated with production and marketing. †¢ Determine anticipated cash flows. †¢ Will strategy cash flow? When? †¢ What are the critical assumptions of the financial analysis and what are the impacts of changes in those assumptions? 6. Implementation and Control †¢ Focus attention of everyone on delivering what the customer wants – Management of people – Monitoring and control Good luck! Strategic Marketing Management Guidelines for â€Å"Strategic Marketing Project† Elements: 1. Environmental Analysis (SWOT) 2. Identifying Customers 3. Competitor/Value Creation Analysis 4. Marketing Mix: The 4 P’s 5. Financial Analysis and Budget 6. Implementation and Control Plan 1. Know Your Marketplace †¢ Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) †¢ Trends and changes: – Market analysis – Segmentation – Prioritizing target markets 1. Know who you are selling to (market analysis, segmentation, prioritizing targets) 2. Know what is important to targeted customers (customer analysis) 3. Make sure you are distinctively different from your competition in areas of importance to targeted segments (competitive analysis, reallocation of resources if necessary, positioning, market intelligence) 4. Focus attention of everyone on delivering what the customer wants (management of people, monitoring and control). 5. Constant monitoring of changes in the market (market intelligence, market analysis, internal feedback system) The most fundamental marketing concept is treating customers like you are truly interested in them. That means making sure you are meeting needs that customers perceive as important. Meeting needs is the heartland of every marketing program. A useful tool in assessing the marketplace is SWOT. Assessing the opportunities and threats and how the business can capitalize on them or avoid them using the firm’s strengths weaknesses 2. Who Are Your Customers? Customer/Consumer Trends Customers †¢ Just-in-time inventory †¢ Business to business (B2B) †¢ Manufacturing mentality †¢ Industrialization of agriculture Consumers †¢ Households with fewer people †¢ Active, on-the-go lifestyles Concern over the health aspect of food, with a desire for good taste †¢ Less time for meal prep Know What Is Important to Your Customer †¢ Get inside the mind of your customers †¢ Find out why they would buy from you. . . or why they would not †¢ Truly understand their needs – Intentional listening – Customer analysis – Solve their p roblems 3. Competitor/Value Creation Analysis Make sure you are distinctively different from your competition in areas of importance to your customers †¢ Competitive analysis †¢ Reallocation of resources if necessary †¢ Positioning The Value Chain The Value Chain, or value plate, does is breakdown the functions of a company into its activities to provide a way to assess the internal capacities of the business. The value chain categorizes the generic value-adding activities of an organization. The â€Å"primary activities† include: inbound logistics, operations (production), outbound logistics, marketing and sales (demand), and services (maintenance). The â€Å"support activities† include: administrative infrastructure management, human resource management, technology (R&D), and procurement. The costs and value drivers are identified for each value activity. The value chain framework quickly made its way to the forefront of management thought as a powerful analysis tool for strategic planning. 4. Determining the Marketing Mix †¢ The set of controllable variables that will accomplish the marketing objectives: †¢ Product strategy †¢ Place (distribution) strategy †¢ Promotion (communication) strategy †¢ Pricing strategy Product Strategy †¢ Portfolio of Products – Flavors, colors, variants, blends, genres etc – Fits your strengths and weaknesses – Provides acceptable risk/return trade off – Meets needs of a particular customer segment Quality – No. 1 versus No. 2 – †¢ Service – Timely custom operations – Pre-sorting of grain or livestock quality †¢ Volume – Large and small quantities – Guaranteed volumes (contract) Example: McDonald’s Product Package †¢ Food †¢ Fast service †¢ Fun for the kids †¢ Variety â € ¢ Non-smoking †¢ Consistent product Place/Distribution Strategy †¢ Location – Delivery to multiple points Promotion Strategy †¢ Advertising – Creating TVC, Radio copy, Print ads, outdoor/hoardings ad, Posters, brochures and other advertisements on the products – Creating a logo †¢ Personal Selling Telling your customers how you create value – Having lunch with the corporate customer/vendor †¢ Public Relations – Being a good neighbor – Being involved in the community – Open house days Price Strategy Price is the cost the customer must bear in order to obtain the product. It includes: †¢ list price †¢ discounts †¢ allowances †¢ payment period †¢ credit terms Pricing Methods †¢ Value-Based Pricing – Set price based on buyers’ perception of value (rather than on the seller’s costs) †¢ Cost-Based Pricing – Add a standard markup to the cost of the pr oduct †¢ Competition-Based Pricing Set price based on following competitors’ prices 5. Financial Analysis and Budgeting †¢ Estimate the demand given the pricing and promotion strategy. †¢ Determine expenses associated with production and marketing. †¢ Determine anticipated cash flows. †¢ Will strategy cash flow? When? †¢ What are the critical assumptions of the financial analysis and what are the impacts of changes in those assumptions? 6. Implementation and Control †¢ Focus attention of everyone on delivering what the customer wants – Management of people – Monitoring and control Good luck!

Prison Healthcare Essay

In researching healthcare in the prison system there seemed to be a definite difference in the type of regulated health care being given or even offered to prisoners. Prisons have state and federal laws that they must abide by in delivering health care services to their inmates. Therefore this paper will discuss the Federal Bureau of Prisons which came about in 1930 and was put together to deliver compassionate and open-minded care for Federal prisoners. In addition, the BOP (Federal Bureau of Prisoners) was implemented to change the prison health care services to be able to offer a more professional type of care. The government agency being discussed in this paper is known as the Federal Bureau of Prisons. The BOP’s head office is located in Washington D.C. and is part of the U.S. Justice Department. The Federal Bureau of Prisons is held accountable for the operation and administration of the federal prison organization. The main reasoning behind the BOP is to deliver a neutr al and sympathetic type of treatment for federal inmates in the United States penitentiary system. The BOP also provides inmates with any health care they may need in agreement with any Federal and State laws. The BOP is in charge of the protection and upkeep of roughly 200,000 centralized prisoners and is accountable for setting the standard for federal prisons dispersed through the U.S. The BOP starts out by deciding where a prisoner should be placed such as; what facility? The next thing BOP would then assess is the level of security needed for the prisoner and what type of counseling he or she may need while serving their time in prison? In addition to counseling services the prisoner will be assessed for any mental health issues at this time as well. After many of these types of questions are answered concerning the inmate the BOP will then assess what type of health care services the prisoner is in need of and too what degree they are needed. An example of this could be if a p risoner is in need of some type of Prison Health Care Agency 3 immediate surgery, then he or she would be put at the top priority level for care needed. These types of questions are quickly reviewed along with administration to determine where the inmate will need to serve his or her time. The reason for this statement is a prison’s inmate capacity along with the level of treatment able to be offered at a specific prison may influence a decision to place an offender at one location over another. According to the United States Department of Justice (2013), â€Å"the Federal Bureau of Prisons are responsible for confining federal offenders in prisons that are safe, humane, cost-efficient, and secure† (Agencies). According to the Federal Bureau of Prison’s (2008), â€Å"as part of these duties, the BOP is able to control health care in prisons by being responsible for the delivery of medically necessary health care to inmates in accordance with applicable standards of care† (Executive Summary). The American Correctional Association has established nationwide principles connected to the safe, effective and professional operation of corrections facilities. These values are vital leaders in regards to the policies and procedures that defend the wellbeing and security of employees and inmates of the prison. These principles are frequently reviewed by a group looking over the standards. The amendments are grounded on decisions based by the court, practice sessions, and constitutional organizations. In order to comply with both federal and state laws, medical facilities or health care services must be provided at prisons and state-run correctional facilities. This type of task would require the combined efforts of several sections within the American Correctional Association which is primarily associated with the Administrative Services, Offender Operations, Support Services, and Health Services. In addition, things such as making financial arrangements for the construction and upkeep of medical faciliti es would fall to the obligation of Administrative Services and the Offender Prison Health Care Agency 4 Operations. In addition the Health Services at a prison are those responsible for the day to day procedures of the prison’s medical treatment centers. To make sure that the health care being provided to prisoners is meeting a high level of quality the American Correctional Association has required and expects accreditation and certification from any agencies regarding the National Commission on Correctional Health Care. The NCCHC healthcare principles and standards are intended to assist things such as; prison healthcare clinics meet international and national standards of basic human rights. By November 29, 2007, the BOP had held 166,794 inmates in approximately 114 BOP prisons at 93 different sites (The Federal Bureau of Prisons, 2008). Also, throughout 2007 the Federal Bureau of Prisons was indebted around $736 million for health care being offered to prisoners in the United States. The Federal Bureau of Prisons continues to deliver health care services to prisoners chiefly by internal medicinal providers working by the BOP or allocated to the BOP from the Public Health Service, and ultimately constricted health care physicians which were the ones’ that delivered wide-ranging treatment or separate health care services offered for a single person (The Federal Bureau of Prisons, 2008). Then with adjusting or controlling the growing prices regarding health care and the various other services the Federal Bureau of Prisons executed resources that were intended to offer additional competent health care to prisoners. The Federal Bureau of Prisons exertions to get some type of control on health care in prisons began by learning the various steps a prisoner must go through before he or she is transferred or sent to their assigned penitentiary. To start off prisoners are sent to a prison established around the level of treatment that is needed by this particular inmate. According to the Federal Bureau of Prison’s (2008) â€Å"the Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General (OIG) initiated an Prison Health Care Agency 5 audit to determine whether the BOP was appropriately containing health care costs in the provision of necessary medical, dental, and mental health care services; as well as effectively administering its medical services contracts and effectively monitored its medical services providers† (Executive Summary). To make sure that federal and state laws are being followed regarding health care facilities being offered at penitentiaries as well as state-run correctional facilities. For something like this assignment to take place would entail the joint efforts of numerous subdivisions inside the ADC, primarily Administrative Services, Offender Operations, Support Services, and Health Services. When it comes to planning and budgeting for the construction and maintenance of health care centers this is ultimately the obligation of the Administrative Services and Offender Operations. Therefore, the health care that is being provided to prisoners must be of a high quality and acceptable. In order to ensure that the quality of healthcare being provided to inmates is of a high quality and above criticism the ADC received certification from a self-governing agency to receive their accreditation which was the National Commission on Correctional Health Care (NCCHC). The healthcare standards that are in place by the NCCHC were envisioned to assist prisons with health care centers for their inmates as well as making sure to meet and follow the international and national principles regarding basic human rights. Inmates of all ages, race, color, creed and nationali ty are able to receive an equivalent standard level of treatment regarding ones’ health that is offered to the public that are not be held behind bars. According to Health Care in Prison (2013), â€Å"This general principle is outlined in Prison Service Order 3200, which states: The Prison Service in partnership with the NHS has a responsibility to ensure that prisoners have access to health services that are broadly equivalent Prison Health Care Agency 6 to those the general public receives from the NHS† (What Healthcare Services is Prisoners Entitled to). This means that prisons already provide health education, patient education, prevention and other health promotion interventions in that general context.† In addition, it is a requirement that each and every prisoner be able to find the penitentiaries’ policy statement regarding the health care services that are offered. In this policy statement it must be able to be viewed in a noticeable spot that is in an accessible location for all inmates. The policy statement must explain in detail what specific primary care, dental and specialist clinical services are available to prisoners, along with who is responsible for providing them (Health Care in Prison, 2013). All prisons must provide the policy statement to any prisoner who requests this information regarding the health care services available to them within a particular time frame. Prison Health Care Agency 7 References: Chen, S. (2009, November). Prison health-care costs rise as inmates grow older and sicker. CNN Justice, (), 1-3. Retrieved from http://articles.cnn.com/2009-11- 13/justice/aging.inmates_1_prison-inmate-largest-prison-systems-medical-costs? Health care in prison. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.aidsmap.com/Health-care-in- prison/page/1503575/ The Federal Bureau of Prisons. (2008). Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/oig/reports/BOP/a0808/final.pdf The United States Department of Justice. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/ag/

On the Roles of Microfinance in Developing Countries

Much of the underdeveloped world grows and produces agricultural products. Because many of these underdeveloped nations have very little political clout with the rest of the world, and because farmers in wealthy nations have lots of political power, the goods from these poorer nations are tariffed and quota'd right out of the richer nation's markets. † -Keith Brown, Free Trade & Foreign Policy: The Independent Institute, May 1, 2000 IntroductionThe quote above provides a very nice generalization of exactly what we will discover in this chapter: the roles of microfinance in promoting economic growth, development, and sustainability. Microfinance can provide exactly what most of the underdeveloped world needs: capital to invest in themselves in order to reach themselves out of poverty, thus creating self sufficiency. However, as Mr. Brown stated, what microfinance has failed to do (albeit it was not designed to do) is make these poorer farmers globally competitive.They cannot be competitive due to larger ountries' inability to make the free market free for all nations, not Just those who control most of it. However, even without making major strides on the global market, microfinance has done most of exactly what it was designed to do. It has brought most of its participants out of a fruitless future, one full of deabilitating poverty. There are many statistics out on the books about microfinance's effect on the poor of the world. Throughout the chapter, we will go into further detail on how these statistics reflect the exact influence of microfinance on the world, poor and middle class.The statistics will reflect exactly what has been stated in past chapters: microfinance works. It isn't the end-all, be-all solution to the world's poverty, but it is a solid start to eradicate it. Another topic we will cover in detail is the paradox between economic growth and sustainability, and whether or not they are mutually exclusive. An article, brilliantly written by Dr. Karen Higgins of Claremont Graduate University in California suggests that â€Å"limitless economic growth counters sustainability'. If the economy grows too big, will we end up exhausting our resources, thus actually making the economy more hort lived?Furthermore, we will go in depth on the effects of microfinance on the world, and more specifically, developed and developing nations. There is a plethora of information on what impact microfinance has on the world, mostly in the form of a poor farmer receiving a loan to buy supplies in order to make more product, so that the farmer's family can actually live on as well as sell their stock. However, there are also stories in which an especially lucky person receives a loan, invests in a good product or business, and actually goes from abject poverty to middle class.Such As you read, keep in mind that, as stated earlier, microfinance will not solve poverty and all its ills. Whether you are a passionate skeptic or supporter of it after reading this book, know that there are many more obstacles in the way of a poverty free world, those obstacles including political corruption, power inequalities on a global scale, climate change, war and conflict, disease, education, and availability of resources. By no means does microfinance seek to save the world.It does not mean to take the place of charity and giving, nor does it mean to take the place of hard work and perseverance. However, it does hope to make it easier for those who struggle amidst hard work, perseverance, and charity. It means to give every child a chance to live and be educated. In a world where nanotechnology and outer space travel are taken for granted, why does three quarters of the world still live on less than a dollar day? While we know that there are many answers to that question, we also know for a fact that microfinance can solve some of those problems.What is Economic Growth, Development, and Sustainability? According to the Center for the Advancement of the Steady State Economy (CASSE), economic growth is defined as: â€Å"†¦. n increase in the production and consumption of goods and services. It entails increasing population and/or per capita consumption. It is indicated by increasing gross domestic product (GDP). † It goes on to say that â€Å"economic growth literally refers to an economy that is getting bigger, not necessarily one that is getting better†. According to BusinessDictionary. om, economic development is defined as progress in the economy, or a qualitative measure relating to it. It usually refers to the adoption of new technologies, the transition of agriculture-based to industry-based economy, and a general improvement in living tandards Finally, according to Wise Geek, economic sustainability is â€Å"the term used to identify various strategies that make it possible to use available resources to their best advantage†. So what do those definitions mean when we apply microf inance to them?Simply put, microfinance can be attributed to all three of these things. As has been proved since microfinance first stepped onto the economic scene, microfinance can cause economic growth in the simple fact that once a poor family receives a microloan, they can use it to invest in themselves or their children, thus making it possible for them o repay the loan, and in due time (in most cases) make a profit that will allow them to expand their propensity to consume. In terms of economic development, microfinance has also changed the face of businesses, small and large.Poor farmers in the third world can receive a microloan, and go from having to perform backbreaking labor to purchasing a machine to help them do it. Finally, as for economic sustainability, microfinance can assure that stocks are not going to waste, and in the case of poor farmers, they can actually sell their crops, instead of having to eat them to stay alive. Economic Growth, Development, & Sustainabil ity As much as we would all love a straight answer to the question that is poverty and scarce resources, we all are aware that such a big problem is rooted in more than one thing.However, we all know that complex problems also have complex solutions. Microfinance is one thing that contributes to economic growth, but sometimes, its effect can be negated and bolstered by factors out of the control of those who run microfinance firms. Gender and Sex Inequalities Women in America are considered to be independent. Most women work, have their own property, and in some cases, even are the heads of their households. The same goes for most of the developed world. The problem here is that in developing nations, women are still, with little hope of the contrary, subjugated to men.Women in developing nations have nowhere near the rights as their developed nation counterparts do. In most Middle Eastern countries, women are still expected to wear veils over their faces, in accordance with the Mus lim religion. Furthermore, they are also expected not to work, but to bear children and take care of home. In short, most of the world still has a very traditionalist point of view. This being said, when a oman's husband dies, or leaves her, what is she to do other than to starve? Her children come first, but she barely has enough to feed the eight of them that her husband gave her before his passing.Microfinance has helped women gain more equality to their husbands and to men in general, but the fact of the matter that only when these restricting views are abolished will the chains of poverty start to come off. Once women are allowed to make their own money, they will be able to feed their children, saving the from malnutrition. They will be able to pay for their education, thus setting the children up to make something of themselves. Once women become independent, no longer will they not be able to live with a man by their side.They will be able, all things considered, to sustain their standard of living without falling into the traps of poverty. Power Trip: Political Corruption This mainly pertains to Africa and it's long, dark history of warring nations. Ever since time began, tribes have been fighting in Africa over land, resources, and money, which could all be considered the same thing. While the heads of these tribes and regimes are eating plentifully, their followers still live in abject poverty, and are food insecure. Also, they are dying at an alarming rate. Yes, that's right.In some African nations, men, women, and children are brutally murdered in the name of politics and power. The shameful part is that microfinance can't stop a bullet. So how exactly do we counteract the chains of political corruption? A microloan may help a child get an education, but it means nothing if we cannot motivate them to do greater things. Just think about all of the potential Albert Einsteins, Barack Obamas, and Marie Curies out there, growing up in Africa. Now think about the fact that they were either too scared of the politics of government or killed too early to ven try and show off their potential.A main stay of the microfinance movement as well as economic development is to need to make their living situation better. What purpose do American doctors serve coming to Africa if the children they are healing never get the chance to be great like them? What purpose does a microloan serve when it pays for a child's education that will only end up dying at the age of 1 5 from a gunshot wound? These are the questions that skeptics of microfinance need to ask themselves. Without the proper learning environment, or the proper environment in general, a child cannot be uccessful by conventional means.That goes double for a child whose parents never had an education either. A Deadly Detriment to Economic Growth: Disease Yes, a few dollars can get you that cough medicine that you need to get rid of that dastardly common cold. A few more dollars, and yo u can get the vaccine for the flu. A doctor's visit is rarely too costly, but Just in case you're running a really high fever, a call to your insurance company can get you to the nearest hospital, where you can get quality care by trained doctors that rarely have too many patients that they can't attend to your needs. Such is the luxury of living in the developed world.At least for the lucky ones. However, if you're that special person who has to choose between your medicine or paying for college tuition, then this may mean something to you. A huge number of the Juvenile deaths in developing nations comes from disease, whether it be HIV, AIDS, malaria, malnutrition, birth defects, or even cancer. What's worse is that in most of these developing nations, they dont have the luxury to pay for, not to mention the convenience of even being close to a research hospital. Consequently, we are presented with the same problem I mentioned before.Children, full of potential and intelligence, de ad before their time. Microfinance can only do so much, but it can cause a domino effect. Say you aren't in reach of a hospital as a poor family in West Africa. You apply for a microloan, and invest in your children's education as well as your farm. In time, your children go from becoming potential HIV infected children to being able to work on a cure for it. Of course, that's an idealist's situation, but also a completely possible one. The point here is that disease, although completely natural, is responsible for much of the turmoil we see in the developing world.However, food inequality is a big part of this. Most people don't realize how countries like the United States suffer from obesity and heart disease while countries like Indonesia suffer from malnourishment and starvation, which leads into the next detriment from economic growth, development, and sustainability. Nominal FMF: Free Market Freedom Ever since the introduction of the free enterprise system, especially on a glo bal scale, the intelligent, innovative, and witty people of the world have amassed fortunes beyond the wildest dreams of even their middle class counterparts in the developed world.They have had the opportunity to be themselves and create something that will ultimately better the world, and make a decent fortune at the same time, with certain government regulations, but not too many as to limit creativity. Such is the same in all the developed world. People have made fortunes from Steve Jobses, Bill Gateses, or Mark Zuckerbergs come from the developing world. The answer to that dilemma is quite simple, and it was the first thing you read. Most businesses in the developing world are agriculture based instead of industry based.However, that is all that they have in terms of business. They grow food, and their economy depends on selling the food to prosper. The cruel irony is that they have been unceremoniously taken out of the free market economy to sell their goods to richer nations. Tariffs and quotas have done their Job well, making selling goods on the world market a process that makes pulling teeth look like the easiest thing in the world. The free market has been that way in name only. The reality is that only those who control most of the free market are actually free in it.Just think if an African country like Sierra Leone traded frequently with the I-JK? Sierra Leoneans would have more money than they could spend on a regular basis. However, the I-JK has so many trade barriers set up that Sierra Loeneans cannot afford to trade with them, thus forcing them to trade locally, and limiting their earning potential. Why would the US and their allies do something like this? Most sources say security. Trading with African nations, especially in the midst of political turmoil could lead to another world war.Also, African nations are not exactly household names. For example, you will usually buy a purse made of Italian leather instead of leather made in South Afr ica. The biggest motive is money, but what richer nations dont realize is that trading with African nations can actually alleviate some of the problems that they face. When you have an abundance of land and resources, you no longer have a need to fght, and conflicts can be solved diplomatically, more or less. Microfinance can't sway the decision of a country that has been doing something a certain way for over a century.But what it can do is provide a developing country with not only the money to be able to afford to trade, but the power to take control of their own lives, instead of being pushed back and forth into poverty based on the ecisions of a few, powerful nations. It All Starts Here: Education and Microfinance If you are reading this book, then you already know the value of a quality education. You know for a fact that without one, you can be stuck in a situation with no hope of getting out of it. Education, or better yet, and abundance of it, can only add to our economy.Un fortunately, not everyone has access to the same quality education. Even in developed nations, we can see that certain nations have an edge over others, and thus the more educated you are, the better standard of living you can enjoy. Take America, for example. A high school diploma is much more education than you can get in a developing nation, but in America, the mean salary for a high school graduate only is 38% less than the mean salary for a college graduate, from a study done by the Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics.Accordingly, based on a study done by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, there was an unemployment rate of 14. 4% among those with only a high school diploma. Among those with a college a degree, the unemployment rate was 7. 6%. The irony is that Sweden, and Japan in terms of education, and accordingly, we have a lower standard f living. The lower you go down the ladder, the worse the standard of living gets. Let's take a country lik e Ethiopia.Ethiopia is a third world country on the east coast of Africa, and it is needless to say that they are in need of a better educational system, but for the sake of proof, here are some facts. In the years 2007-2011, a study from UNICEF showed that 82. 5% of Ethiopian children who were of age attended primary school. In those same years, the same study showed only 16% of Ethiopian children of age attended secondary school. Translation: only 16% of Ethiopian children went past the sixth grade. The previous section was aimed at what we need to get rid of in order to promote economic growth, development, and sustainability.Now we focus on what drives those things. Education is the only one worth noting, because the others are only possible when things like disease and political corruption and nominal freedom are no more. While it is not equal among nations, it is to be noted that educational competition sparked outer space travel, one of man's greatest innovations, back when t he United Stated and the former USSR were in competition. Maybe that same fire with education will spark a race to end poverty once and for all.

The Importance of Management Control on the Organisation Research Paper

The Importance of Management Control on the Organisation - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that management control was defined as â€Å"the process by which managers assure that resources are obtained and used effectively and efficiently in the accomplishment of the organizations' objective". The twin objectives of efficiency and effectiveness are obvious and as to which should be given importance between is silent on the definition and this is one of the issues that this paper will tackle. It may be seen in the definition that the accomplishment of both effectiveness and efficiency are necessary if management control is to be considered as such. Accomplish both objectives are easier said done. Effectiveness may refer to getting things done but in so doing the same may result in inefficiency as the latter concept has something to do with cost-effectiveness or doing something at the least cost. The need therefore to strike the balance between the two objectives becomes necessary. Just like any other concept which evolves over time, management control ’s definition was later found modified in the light of the bigger role that it plays in organization management by connecting the control systems within implementing strategy. Thus, after about three decades after the definition made earlier, management control was defined as â€Å"the process by which managers influence other members of the organization to implement the organization's strategies." One cannot discuss therefore the concept of management control without regard for the correct organization’s strategies. Strategies, of course, may have its basis from external and internal environments of the organization. By dealing with strategies it would, therefore, expand the traditional or limited definition of management control. Management control necessarily connotes measurable objectives to attain and therefore accounting information which is quantitative in character and therefore measurable should be easily accepted as part of the concept of control.

Battle in the History of the Printed Word Essay

Battle in the History of the Printed Word - Essay Example word as a principal vehicle of knowledge and thought, and that without censorship, printed word could be a possible vehicle for subversive political views that can overthrow the government (eds. Darnton and Roche p.3-5). The eighteenth century view of censorship versus free press is different from the current perspective on the said issue. During the Enlightenment era, the promotion of a liberal worldview has been the point of struggle of the people. Old Regime France has controlled the press in the hopes of controlling the perspective of the people on the current governing body. The state was frequently challenged by the people concerning the way they govern and manage the nation. Because of this, the state has established laws of censorship. This was to prevent further uprising and to prevent people from gathering ideas that will eventually bring the end of the absolutist state. This censorship has split the publication world into two, those that adhered to the laws set by the state and those that opposed censorship and went into underground publication. The state was able to put in place censorship laws. Before any material was published, it will undergo an inspection and if the state saw that it may contain subversive ideas, then it will be edited or not published at all. The government has not perfected the system, though, and people found ways around it. Underground published materials circulated throughout France, reaching even more supporters of free press. While the inspectors worked hard in tracking down and preventing seditious material from being circulated, the booksellers pushed to expand their businesses capitalizing on the Enlightenment ideas that have been spreading like wildfire throughout France (Roche p.5). Recent studies of the Enlightenment Period traces the controversial censorship of the Old Regime France. This is to gain a full understanding of the various reasons, influences and impacts of the said issue on the French people, and

Cyber schooling in education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cyber schooling in education - Essay Example One of the biggest problems with cyber schooling is that there are not many opportunities for students to interact with each other. This interaction plays a significant role in motivating the students to continue schooling because they feel that the university is offering them more than just an educational experience. According to Lee and Chan (2007), â€Å"Students of all kinds want a sense of belonging to a larger university community, rather than simply being an enrollee, or worse still, a statistic, in a course". According to several studies, as argued by Lee and Chan , â€Å"this can be attributed in large part to the isolation experienced by these students†. In addition to contact with other students, people who are enrolled in online courses have to compromise on another vital interaction, that is, communication with their teachers. Face-to-face interaction can reveal emotions related to learning; however, cyber school teachers cannot see their students. Due to this li mitation, they cannot pick up on whether their students are interested in the class, as can teachers in a traditional classroom setting.Therefore, cyber schooling does not give its students equal footing with other students learning in person because they do not get the same kind of attention. Especially in classes where some students are learning online and others are learning in person, there can be "serious concerns of fairness and equity" .

Water (sustainable development ) Research Paper

Water (sustainable development ) - Research Paper Example elopment, but also sets up dangerous environmental and global consequences with climate change today threatening to undermine or roll back decades of development progress. Sustainable development is an action plan that promotes sustainability in those activities that use earth resources or capital. Sustainable development is a principle of sustaining these finite resources that are necessary to provide for the needs of future generations living on earth. The following is a research paper concentrating mainly on sustainable development with the particular topic of water. It analyses how the important factor of water is necessary for human existence and its relation to sustainable development. Sustainable water development comes from the understanding and the recognition that growth must be both inclusive and environmentally sound in reducing poverty (Elliott, 2012). It must share the prosperity of today’s population and in continuing to meet the needs of future generations. It calls for the efficient use of the available water resources which is carefully planned in order to deliver intermediate and long-term benefits for the planet, people and the need for prosperity. The three pillars of water sustainable development is economic growth, social inclusion and environmental stewardship. All these three pillars must be carried across all sectors of development, in cities facing rapid urbanization, therefore, high water usage in agriculture. The need for sustainable water development is made with certain goals in mind. These goals have the purpose of protecting the precious resource that is essential for human existence. Such goals include: Improving the quality of w ater in terms of drinking water as well as the water that supports aquatic ecosystems that are critical to the health and wellbeing for human and the environment. Secondly, improving water availability is a necessary and important aspect in economic activities. Thirdly, recognising that water is

Civil rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Civil rights - Essay Example Not until the 1960s did a considerable significant number of youth of America join and add their efforts to the movement. The scholarly works of Lawson and Payne have led them to contradictory opinions of the riotous years from 1945 to 1968. However both provide a gleaming, deviously nuance summary of the period. Charles Payne has thoroughly worked on the definitive study of the civil rights movement in the Delta. Payne divulges the bravery, infatuation, absurdity, and perseverance of thousands of black women and men who worked, against irresistible odds, to take charge of their destiny through his outstanding use of verbal interviews of past. This is the most ample and enlightening study of organizing on the grass-roots echelon that we have, and will be of importance to scholars, students, and activists alike. Lawson captures what is said "the view from the nation," in conflict that "it was the federal government ... that played an indispensable role in shaping the fortunes of the civil rights revolution. It is impossible to understand how Blacks achieved first-class citizenship ... in the South without concentrating on what national leaders ... did to influence the course of events" (p. 3). Explanation of Lawson argues that still after Birmingham and the March on Washington the nation had not been stimulated to crack the "legislative logjam" (p. 29) over an all-inclusive bill of civil rights. Lyndon B. Johnson's congressional wizardry and ethical dedication made it happened. It was as functional as the Selma demonstrations were in getting passage of Voting Rights Act 1965, Lyndon B. Johnson had inculcated the Justice Department to set up the bill "even before the Selma campaign had begun" (p. 32). "Throughout the history of the civil rights struggle, the national state played a key role in determining its outcome" (p. 40). Payne is piercingly critical of the "top-down" (p. 109) theory, asserting that top down approach falls short to value and understand the function ordinary people performed in changing the state, spotlights approximately exclusively on large-scale spectacular events to the disadvantage of "the real and authentic social infrastructure that continued the struggle on daily basis," and highlights only legislative modifications at the cost of perceiving the civil rights movement "as a changing experience for persons" (p. 110). Above all, conceivably, in Payne's opinion, the top-down elucidation promotes a triumphalism that marks off black fundamentals as a fringe anthology of ingrates, overlooking that by the end of their lives, "the gap between Martin Luther King's thoughts" and that of Malcolm X was "less than one might imagine" (p. 133). Payne's logical admiration for great organizers like Ella Baker guides him to view with evident commiseration their diverse feelings about "relatively short-term public events" (p. 125) like Birmingham and Selma that were highly influential in the civil rights revolution. Steven F. Lawson and Charles Payne scrutinize the persons who made the movement an achievement, both at the uppermost level of government and in the grassroots channels. Designed exclusively for college and university courses in American history, this is the best elucidation about the glory and agony of these

Parenting and child development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Parenting and child development - Essay Example Parental values and attitudes foreshadow parental goals and programs, with children taking on parental values depending on the structure of the society. Nso parental values, particularly parental expectations and reinforcement, promote the anticipatory socialization and guided participation of children in the routine work of the family and community. This study pointed out that parental values critically influence children’s development. Nso parents help children to accept and understand their identity and behavior as future adults. This situation engages children in anticipatory socialization, that is, peer-group activities related to the knowledge and practices needed for the adult world. Child-to-child interactions are more important than parents-to-child interactions. The intensity and harshness of the descriptors used by the Palestinian children and to a lesser extent by the Israeli-Jewish children underscore the presence of ethnic stereotyping as young as 4 years of age. It emphasizes as well that efforts to reduce ethnic stereotyping must begin at an early age.

Terri Schiavo Court Cases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Terri Schiavo Court Cases - Essay Example Many argue that it might have been, but then there were many arguments in this case. Not all of them were ethical or logical, and not all of them played out in court. The story of Terri Schiavo is so much more tragic than people stop to realize. When a situation is so easily preventable, how does it get so terribly out of hand, and how are even the most basic decisions of care handled? The bottom line, Terri Schiavo should have been alive today, and possibly even alive and well. Terri Schiavo suffered a cardiac arrest due to an eating disorder on February 25th, 1990. She was without oxygen for several minutes and then lapsed into a coma. Her coma then evolved into a Permanent Vegetative State. For fifteen years, she remained in that state, until her feeding tube was finally removed for the last time on March 18th, 2005. She died thirteen days later, ending a fifteen year battle with so many players, and yet so few concrete, satisfactory, answers (Quill, 2005). Terri Schiavo was in a Permanently Vegetative State, also known as PVS. While experts tried to argue that she was in a Minimally Conscious State (MCS), at her autopsy, it was confirmed that she had been in a PVS. The difference between the two conditions is slight. Those patients who are in a PVS are unaware of self and environment; they may make gestures, sounds, and eye movements. These behavior, however are involuntary. People in a MCS are aware of self and environment, but can only express it so much. They cannot speak, but their gestures, eye movements, and vocalizations are a deliberate attempt to communicate with those around them (Winslade, 2007). While Schiavo’s state was considered irreversible, there is much more that may have been learned from her had she survived. Studies have shown that some patients in a PVS can regain some level of consciousness. Some may live for decades in a PVS and begin to recover some consciousness. Simply put, it really is impossible to say

Over the next several decades multinationals from emerging economies Essay

Over the next several decades multinationals from emerging economies are likely to become a key force in the shaping of the glob - Essay Example However, over a certain period of time, the emergence of a significant number of rising markets as well as ostensible deterioration in developed markets have been observed. Nowadays, a huge exodus of MNCs from developed economies to emerging economies has been observed. A majority of MNCs have found favourable working conditions and are establishing themselves in the developing economies. In this effect, MNCs from developing economies are bound to become a major force in determining the international competitive landscape (Roach, 2007). Considering this aspect, the discussion is based on evaluating the validity of the statement that in next several decades, MNCs from emerging economies are likely to become a key force for shaping the global competitive landscape. ... MNCs from emerging economies usually obtain leverage from inexpensive labour, favourable trade principles and overall inducements to expand the business itself. Apparently, not just the MNCs are impacted by international expansion, the host nation’s economic environment and organisational experience are also impacted by MNCs. A proliferation of MNCs from emerging economies can lead to increased competition, augmented innovation in markets, better rearrangement of resources and increased job opportunities (Ernst & Young Global Limited, n.d.). MNCs of Emerging Economies as Key Force in Shaping Global Competitive Landscape In present days, emerging markets serve as an inducer of economic growth for entire world. The emerging economies have stronger potentiality of growth in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). According to the estimation of World Bank, the market size of E7 economies will become 64% larger in comparison to present G7 (Pricewater houseCoopers LLP, 2011). A significant convergence has been observed between E7 and G7 in recent times, which was accelerated by international economic recession of 2007. In 2007, the total GDP at PPP of G7 nations was almost 60% bigger than E7 nations. In 2010, it has been observed that the gap between GDP at PPP had shrivelled by 35%. The major drivers for growth of E7 nations are China and India (PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, 2011). The following table shows the GDP at PPP in 2009 and estimation at 2050: Rank in 2009 Country GDP at PPP in US$ billion Rank in 2050 Country GDP at PPP in US$ billion 1 US 14256 1 China 59475 2 China 8888 2 India 43180 3 Japan 4138 3 US 37876 4 India 3752 4

Admitted to hospital Essay Example for Free

Admitted to hospital Essay As the days passed, Mr. Glen succeeded. Now he started to teach her how to use a typewriter. She picked up his instructions very quickly. In some days she became able to write ten words in one minute. Unfortunately she failed in her exams. She cried a lot because she thought that her work was totally dark but Mr. Glen tried to give her understanding that you could try again. He told her Your work wasnt dark. It was very psychedelic. Dont lose hope. You will get success someday. Near eight O clock in the evening suddenly they made a plan to go out to eat ice cream. When they reached the ice cream shop, Mr. Glen asked Lorraine to sit on the bench and he would be back with the ice cream. She agreed and Mr. Glen went towards the ice cream shop but at once he forgot every thing even about himself: who he was and why he come there. He went back to home but unfortunately Lorraine was waiting for him. Propitiously the teacher at Lorraines university was passing that street where Lorraine was sitting. He took Lorraine with him and dropped her in her home. Lorraine opened the door of her room; Mr.  Glen was sat there. Lorraine asked her why you left me there and return home? . Mr. Glen didnt reply because he didnt know what was going on. He started to forget every thing even Lorraine because of his old age. Lorraine got frightened that if her teacher forget every thing what would happen with her future. Her parents were able to understand her sign language so she spoke to her father about her teachers health. So Mr. Callam decided that he needed doctors treatment so he got admitted to hospital. Every evening Lorraine went to the hospital to meet her teacher. She had a hope that he would be cured eventually. Chapter 4 Now Lorraine is fourty years old. She had a graduation day at her university. The principal of her university announced that Lorraine is the pride of his university. He asked her to come on the stage to get an award by him for achieving graduation. At last she fulfilled the dream of her teacher Mr. Glen. Her principal told her to express her feelings. Her parents were also present there so her mother translated her signs for other people. She said I got this level just because of my honorable teacher Mr. Glen. He worked very hard and he spends his whole life towards making my future. He taught me manners, how to spend my life. Because of him, I learnt how to eat. He taught me all the things that were impossible. He taught me dark is not black. It is the colour of achievement, colour of knowledge. She told the audience that she wanted her teacher Mr. Glen to come there and look at her with her precious award but unfortunately he couldnt come. She said, If he came here I am sure that he would be happier than me because today I have completed his dream. Then Lorraine went to the hospital to show her award to Mr. Glen. She said to him Look at this award which you have wanted for fourty years. Today I have completed your dream. Unfortunately, he didnt remember anything. Now she started trying her best to give him his memorial. She thought that Mr. Glen was the best teacher in the whole world who taught her to achieve what was impossible. Moral: Nothing is impossible if we work hard!

History and Applications of Matrices

History and Applications of Matrices Matrices find many applications at current time and very useful to us. Physics makes use of matrices in various domains, for example in geometrical optics and matrix mechanics; the latter led to studying in more detail matrices with an infinite number of rows and columns. Graph theory uses matrices to keep track of distances between pairs of vertices in a graph. Computer graphics uses matrices to project 3-dimensional space onto a 2-dimensional screen. Example of application A message is converted into numeric form according to some scheme. The easiest scheme is to let space=0, A=1, B=2, , Y=25, and Z=26. For example, the message Red Rum would become 18, 5, 4, 0, 18, 21, 13. This data was placed into matrix form. The size of the matrix depends on the size of the encryption key. Lets say that our encryption matrix (encoding matrix) is a 22 matrix. Since I have seven pieces of data, I would place that into a 42 matrix and fill the last spot with a space to make the matrix complete. Lets call the original, unencrypted data matrix A. There is an invertible matrix which is called the encryption matrix or the encoding matrix. Well call it matrix B. Since this matrix needs to be invertible, it must be square. This could really be anything, its up to the person encrypting the matrix. Ill use this matrix. The unencrypted data is then multiplied by our encoding matrix. The result of this multiplication is the matrix containing the encrypted data. Well call it matrix X. The message that you would pass on to the other person is the the stream of numbers 67, -21, 16, -8, 51, 27, 52, -26. Decryption Process Place the encrypted stream of numbers that represents an encrypted message into a matrix. Multiply by the decoding matrix. The decoding matrix is the inverse of the encoding matrix. Convert the matrix into a stream of numbers. Conver the numbers into the text of the original message. DETERMINANTS The determinant of a matrix A is denoted det(A), or without parentheses: det A. An alternative notation, used for compactness, especially in the case where the matrix entries are written out in full, is to denote the determinant of a matrix by surrounding the matrix entries by vertical bars instead of the usual brackets or parentheses. For a fixed nonnegative integer n, there is a unique determinant function for the nÃÆ'-n matrices over any commutative ring R. In particular, this unique function exists when R is the field of real or complex numbers. For any square matrix of order 2, we have found a necessary and sufficient condition for invertibility. Indeed, consider the matrix Example. Evaluate Let us transform this matrix into a triangular one through elementary operations. We will keep the first row and add to the second one the first multiplied by . We get Using the Property 2, we get Therefore, we have which one may check easily. EIGEN VALUES AND EIGEN VECTORS In mathematics, eigenvalue, eigenvector, and eigenspace are related concepts in the field of linear algebra. The prefix eigen- is adopted from the German word eigen for innate, idiosyncratic, own. Linear algebra studies linear transformations, which are represented by matrices acting on vectors. Eigenvalues, eigenvectors and eigenspaces are properties of a matrix. They are computed by a method described below, give important information about the matrix, and can be used in matrix factorization. They have applications in areas of applied mathematics as diverse as economics and quantum mechanics. In general, a matrix acts on a vector by changing both its magnitude and its direction. However, a matrix may act on certain vectors by changing only their magnitude, and leaving their direction unchanged (or possibly reversing it). These vectors are the eigenvectors of the matrix. A matrix acts on an eigenvector by multiplying its magnitude by a factor, which is positive if its direction is unchanged and negative if its direction is reversed. This factor is the eigenvalue associated with that eigenvector. An eigenspace is the set of all eigenvectors that have the same eigenvalue, together with the zero vector. These concepts are formally defined in the language of matrices and linear transformations. Formally, if A is a linear transformation, a non-null vector x is an eigenvector of A if there is a scalar ÃŽÂ » such that The scalar ÃŽÂ » is said to be an eigenvalue of A corresponding to the eigenvector x. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors: An Introduction The eigenvalue problem is a problem of considerable theoretical interest and wide-ranging application. For example, this problem is crucial in solving systems of differential equations, analyzing population growth models, and calculating powers of matrices (in order to define the exponential matrix). Other areas such as physics, sociology, biology, economics and statistics have focused considerable attention on eigenvalues and eigenvectors-their applications and their computations. Before we give the formal definition, let us introduce these concepts on an example. Example. Consider the matrix Consider the three column matrices We have In other words, we have Next consider the matrix P for which the columns are C1, C2, and C3, i.e., We have det(P) = 84. So this matrix is invertible. Easy calculations give Next we evaluate the matrix P-1AP. We leave the details to the reader to check that we have In other words, we have Using the matrix multiplication, we obtain which implies that A is similar to a diagonal matrix. In particular, we have for . Note that it is almost impossible to find A75 directly from the original form of A. This example is so rich of conclusions that many questions impose themselves in a natural way. For example, given a square matrix A, how do we find column matrices which have similar behaviors as the above ones? In other words, how do we find these column matrices which will help find the invertible matrix P such that P-1AP is a diagonal matrix? From now on, we will call column matrices vectors. So the above column matrices C1, C2, and C3 are now vectors. We have the following definition. Definition. Let A be a square matrix. A non-zero vector C is called an eigenvector of A if and only if there exists a number (real or complex) such that If such a number exists, it is called an eigenvalue of A. The vector C is called eigenvector associated to the eigenvalue . Remark. The eigenvector C must be non-zero since we have for any number . Example. Consider the matrix We have seen that where So C1 is an eigenvector of A associated to the eigenvalue 0. C2 is an eigenvector of A associated to the eigenvalue -4 while C3 is an eigenvector of A associated to the eigenvalue 3. It may be interesting to know whether we found all the eigenvalues of A in the above example. In the next page, we will discuss this question as well as how to find the eigenvalues of a square matrix. PROOFS OF PROPERTIES OF EIGEN VALUES::: PROPERTY 1 {Inverse of a matrix A exists if and only if zero is not an eigenvalue of A} Suppose A is a square matrix. Then A is singular if and only if ÃŽÂ »=0 is an eigenvalue of A. Proof We have the following equivalences: A is singular à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬ there exists xà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  0, Ax=0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬ there exists xà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  0, Ax=0x à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »=0 is an eigenvalue of A Since SINGULAR matrix A has eigenvalue and the inverse of a singular matrix does not exist this implies that for a matrix to be invertible its eigenvalues must be non-zero. PROPERTY-2 Eigenvalues of a matrix are real or complex conjugates in pairs Suppose A is a square matrix with real entries and x is an eigenvector of A for the eigenvalue ÃŽÂ ». Then x is an eigenvector of A for the eigenvalue ÃŽÂ ». à ¢- ¡ Proof Ax =Ax =Ax =ÃŽÂ »x =ÃŽÂ »x A has real entries x eigenvector of A Suppose A is an mÃÆ'-n matrix and B is an nÃÆ'-p matrix. Then AB=AB. à ¢- ¡ Proof To obtain this matrix equality, we will work entry-by-entry. For 1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ià ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤m, 1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤jà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤p, ABij =ABij =à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœnk=1AikBkj =à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœnk=1AikBkj =à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœnk=1AikBkj =à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœnk=1AikBkj =ABij APPLICATION OF EIGEN VALUES IN FACIAL RECOGNITION How does it work? The task of facial recogniton is discriminating input signals (image data) into several classes (persons). The input signals are highly noisy (e.g. the noise is caused by differing lighting conditions, pose etc.), yet the input images are not completely random and in spite of their differences there are patterns which occur in any input signal. Such patterns, which can be observed in all signals could be in the domain of facial recognition the presence of some objects (eyes, nose, mouth) in any face as well as relative distances between these objects. These characteristic features are called eigenfaces in the facial recognition domain (or principal components generally). They can be extracted out of original image data by means of a mathematical tool called Principal Component Analysis (PCA). By means of PCA one can transform each original image of the training set into a corresponding eigenface. An important feature of PCA is that one can reconstruct reconstruct any original image from the training set by combining the eigenfaces. Remember that eigenfaces are nothing less than characteristic features of the faces. Therefore one could say that the original face image can be reconstructed from eigenfaces if one adds up all the eigenfaces (features) in the right proportion. Each eigenface represents only certain features of the face, which may or may not be present in the original image. If the feature is present in the original image to a higher degree, the share of the corresponding eigenface in the sum of the eigenfaces should be greater. If, contrary, the particular feature is not (or almost not) present in the original image, then the corresponding eigenface should contribute a smaller (or not at all) part to the sum of eigenfaces. So, in order to reconstruct the origi nal image from the eigenfaces, one has to build a kind of weighted sum of all eigenfaces. That is, the reconstructed original image is equal to a sum of all eigenfaces, with each eigenface having a certain weight. This weight specifies, to what degree the specific feature (eigenface) is present in the original image. If one uses all the eigenfaces extracted from original images, one can reconstruct the original images from the eigenfaces exactly. But one can also use only a part of the eigenfaces. Then the reconstructed image is an approximation of the original image. However, one can ensure that losses due to omitting some of the eigenfaces can be minimized. This happens by choosing only the most important features (eigenfaces). Omission of eigenfaces is necessary due to scarcity of computational resources. How does this relate to facial recognition? The clue is that it is possible not only to extract the face from eigenfaces given a set of weights, but also to go the opposite way. This opposite way would be to extract the weights from eigenfaces and the face to be recognized. These weights tell nothing less, as the amount by which the face in question differs from typical faces represented by the eigenfaces. Therefore, using this weights one can determine two important things: Determine, if the image in question is a face at all. In the case the weights of the image differ too much from the weights of face images (i.e. images, from which we know for sure that they are faces), the image probably is not a face. Similar faces (images) possess similar features (eigenfaces) to similar degrees (weights). If one extracts weights from all the images available, the images could be grouped to clusters. That is, all images having similar weights are likely to be similar faces.

Technical Textiles History, Technology and Types

Technical Textiles History, Technology and Types Technical Textiles Coursework In early years, the textile industry was primarily established as apparel and fashion industry. As human advanced, the industry expanded into scientific and technological sector. That defined a new role for textiles and it led the industry to adapt and further develop new applications. It is now known as new field of textile technical or industrial textile [1]. Definition of technical textile According Textile terms and definitions [2] Technical textiles are defined as textile materials products manufactured primarily for their technical performance and functional properties, rather than for their aesthetic and decorative it characteristics. History of technical textile Technical textile sector started growing with the production of synthetic yarn in the early 1900s. Before that, chemically treated natural fibres were used to achieve desired properties of the technical fabric. Manufacturers also developed special technologies such as various weaving and nonwoven techniques. It resulted into fast growth of high performance fibres/yarn. Production proceeded with notable characteristics such as 1) High resistance to temperature and chemicals and 2) Enhanced mechanical properties. Raw material for technical textiles The most desirable form of raw material is fibre, yarn or fabric.At present, most of the technical textiles are made of high-performance synthetic fibre that gives an advantage to technical textiles in many ways for e.g. cost, performance and durability. However, Raw materials have changed over the time according to the application[3]. Natural staple fibre Synthetic filament yarn Cotton yarn Jute yarn Flax yarn Coir yarn or rope Polyester Polypropylene Aramid, Glass and Carbon HDPE (High Density PolyEthylene) UHMWPE (Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene) PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) PBI (poly benzimidazole) PBO (polyphenylene benzo isoxazole) Technology used for manufacturing of technical textile Out of diversified operations, prominent processes used for technical textiles are[4]: Knitting Weaving Braiding Nonwoven Tufting Other than this, new manufacturing techniques to produce technical textile are as listed below. Most of these processes are used in combination to producedifferent fabrics. Thermo-forming 3D (Three Dimensional) Weaving 3D Knitting Fabrics Produced Using Nanotechnology Heat-set Synthetics Finishing Treatments (Coating and lamination) Handmade elements such as Stitch/Appliquà © Classification of technical textile There are below mentioned 12 categories for technical textiles that exist [5], No. Category Symbol [] Target Industry Example products 1 Agrotech Agriculture, forestry, horticulture and landscape gardening. Various types of nets such as Bird protection, Anti-hail and Fishing nets. Also, mats or ground covers 2 Buildtech Membrane like and lightweight solid structures. Architectural membranes, Awnings or canopies, Floor covering, Hoardings and Scaffolding nets 3 Clothtech The Latest developments in shoe and clothing manufacturing. Elastic narrow fabrics, Hook loop tape fasteners, Labels, Sewing threads, Shoelaces and Umbrella fabrics 4 Geotech Road construction, civil engineering products. Geo variants of composites, grids, mats, membranes and nets. 5 Hometech Furniture, upholstery, floor coverings and carpets. Window blinds, Carpet backing cloths, Filter fabrics for vacuum cleaner and HVAC filters. 6 Indutech Mechanical engineering and for the chemical and electrical industries. Absorbent glass mat, battery separators, Coating abrasives, Composites, Computer printer ribbon, Conveyor Drive belts. 7 Medtech Medical and hygiene products. Artificial organs, heart valves and joints. Also, Baby diapers, Contact lenses and Sanitary napkins. 8 Mobiltech Ship and aircraft construction, other automobiles. Automobile interior carpets, airbags, Car upholstery seat cover body covers and helmets. 9 Oekotech Environmental protection, waste disposal and recycling. Filter systems (air/water), Landfill textiles, Soil seals, Textile drainage systems and Erosion prevention systems 10 Packtech Packaging, covering and transportation industry. Flexible intermediate bulk containers, Jute products, sacks, Leno bags, and Soft luggage. 11 Protech Personal and property protection. Bulletproof jackets, Fire flame retardant apparel fabrics, High altitude visibility clothing, 12 Sportech Different sport and leisure activities. Artificial turf, Parachute fabrics, Sail cloths, Sleeping bags and Swimwear Detailed information on three applications: 1 Protective textile (protech) Protective textiles are made from textile-based material to protect the user from various hazard and critical conditions, which could affect on person life. Mostly used in civil, military, hospitals and manufacturing industries[6]. Selection factors for designing: Clothing configuration of components and options Sizes Ease of pull on and take off Clothing construction Space for other selected ensemble equipment Comfort and restriction of mobility Selection type of protection according to the surrounding. Fibres used for making: Meta-Para aramids for high resistance to tear and tensile strength Wool viscose polyamide for repellency of molten metal, heat insulation and transparency. Glass fibre for High resistance and insulation. Modacrylic cotton for electric arc flash protection, comfort and flame-resistant. it can also be used as efficient skin friendly and antistatic fibre. Polyamide for extreme resistance and low ageing High-performance polyolefin fibre Types of Protective Textiles Ballistic Protection Garments Garments manufactured under this category are under high standards by the different government authorities (for e.g. NIJ and HOSDB -) on the basis of type and the level of a threat produced by a projectile. Fibres used for manufacturing these segment are normally very efficient to protect against penetration of sharp object. They are able to absorb a high amount of energy due to their high modules; elasticity; tenacity and low density. Most of the bullet resistant armor uses multiple layers of woven fabric. A higher number of layers define the degree of protection. Hard armor has ceramic or metal plate with polymer backings, which prevents a body from the force of projectile and brittle fragmentation of the plate. Soft body armor is mainly used for lower ballistic threat or cut resistance from knives, needles and Sharpe objects. Close weave with film lamination and abrasive coating are normally used to improve penetration resistance. Physical requirements of the fabric High durability and dimensional stability lightweight and low bulk Good handle and drape Low noise emission www.securityprousa.com http://www.smgroupindia.com/ http://c8.alamy.com DOYENTRONTEX ® Bulletproof (http://www.bjtyz.com) www.safeguardarmour.co.uk http://www.worldmilitary.org Blunt Impact Protection Textiles Such textiles protect the wearer against injuries produced by blunt impacts. For the people involved in corrections and military troops, the protection against blunt impact threats can be a matter of survival. Technical standard for such fabrics are established over the years by government agencies. A balance is required between protection and functionality to have good flexibility and mobility for user. Good air circulation underneath the PPE suit can protect users against heat stroke or hyperthermia. This includes protection from vehicle accidents, falls, and physical assaults with weapons like bats and metal bars. Pressure Hazard Protection Used for protection against extremely high and low external pressures such as; deep sea diving, space and fighter aircraft. Fully air impermeable suits and can withstand extreme conditions and they have a dedicated air supply support system. Generally, these suits are made using the textile materials such as Nylon tricot knitted fabric, Spandex, Urethane-coated Nylon, Dacron, Neoprene-coated Nylon, Mylar, Gortex, Kevlar, Nomex. Environmental Hazard Protection Generally used for survival and operation in temperatures below-30  °C. Such garments are multi-layered and consist of: Non-absorbent inner layer Middle insulating layer capable of trapping air but permeable to moisture An outer layer that is impermeable to wind and water Fire Hazard Protection Flame resistance in fabrics are produced using flame resistant materials and fibres such as, Nomex Polyamide Polypropylene Kevlar Carbon Glass Propane treated cotton Polyester Modacrylic Fire Fighters clothing contains a flame resistant inner layer with moisture and thermal barrier lining. Outer Casing provides flame , thermal and mechanical resistance. This layer must be suitable for all climatic conditions. The moisture barrier to keep the firefighter dry and must prevent water penetration. The thermal barrier provides the main protection against heat. Chemical and Biological Hazard Protection Such protective textiles safeguard the human body from direct contact with hazardous substances such as bacteria and chemicals. These textiles are used in the following instances: Emergency chemical and biological hazard response Handling of chemical waste Acid baths and other treatments in electronics manufacturing Equipment leaks or failures Handling of liquid chemicals in manufacturing Application of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals. A typical chemical and biological protective textile consist of 3 main components: A textile outer layer(woven or non-woven) An inner layer of protective material Textile liner fabric. There are 4 types of protective materials with their different capabilities: Air- permeable materials Semipermeable materials Selectively permeable materials (SPMS) (Protective barrier to chemicals, allow only moisture from body to flow out) Impermeable materials Electrical Hazard Protection Electrical hazards include: Electromagnetic protection Electrostatic protection Such protective garments shall consist of conductive fibres such as carbon fibre, synthetic fibres, metal fibres with carbon core and conductive polymer. Another method like coating or laminating can be use for manufacturing this kind of fabric. The fabric with high electrical conductivity materials or application of conductive finish to the fabric 2 Agriculture Textile (Agrotech) The word Agro textiles is used to classify the fabrics which are useful for agricultural and horticultural including livestock protection, shading, weed and insect control, and extension of the growing season. These products are mostly used for crop protection and yield enhancement. They help to control environmental factors like temperature, water and humidity and also prevents damage to agro products from wind, rain and birds. Technology used for agro textiles There are different forms of agro textiles available such as: Nets Sheets Woven Nonwovens Knitted Coated Fibres used Synthetic as well as natural fibres are used in agro textiles. Fibres used in agro textiles are as follows: Polyolefin Nylon Polyester Polyethylene Polypropylene Jute Wool Amongst natural fibres jute and wool are used. After some time they degrade and act as a natural fertilizer. Agrotech application area Products Agriculture Sunlight, Wind and weed protection, water retention, Physical damage protection. Aquaculture Fish and anti-fouling nets, Ultraviolet radiation Protection. Horticulture Ultraviolet radiation, Wind, bird and insect protection. Forestry Soil and weed protection for tree plantations Animal Husbandry Belts of polyester and nylon material for animals identification Filtering of milk in an automatic milking system Underlay to reduce the mud on cattle paths and trails Properties of Agro textiles Below mentioned properties are required in selection of agro textile such as, Must have resistance to micro-organisms Agro textile are normally used in a moist environment prone to growth of microorganism hence it should be resistant to prevent destruction. Should withstand solar radiation They are placed over the cultivated areas instantly after sowing or planting. Hence, For such application, it has to withstand change in temperature. Withstands ultraviolet radiation To prevent degradation of molecular chains of man-made fibres caused by UV rays, they are treated with the suitable UV stabilizers. Biodegradability Natural fibres are used to achieve biodegradability. It gives the advantage of bio-degradation but has low service life when compared to the synthetics. High potential to retain water This is achieved by super-absorber fibre materials which allow holding high amounts of water for longer duration. Protection property Protection from the wind, temperature and humidity and to maintain desired condition of climate a micro-climate between ground and textile material has been created, which results in favourable condition for earlier harvests Dimensional stability This property prevents the fabric to loosen up while it is being used, as the loosening or change in dimensions of the material may lead to non-usability of the material Flexibility To allow the usage of agro textiles in variable areas and places 3 Packaging Textile( Packteck) Packtech includes several flexible packing materials made of textile used for packing various goods for industrial, agricultural, consumer and other goods. It ranges from polymer based bags used for industrial packing to jute based sacks used for packaging food grains and packaging used for tea[7]. Sacs Fertiliser, sand, cement, sugar, flour to dyestuffs Wrapping and protection applications Tea and coffee bags Nonwoven insert Knitted net packaging Silos, containers Canvas covers, marquee tents. The technology used for packtech: There are different forms of packaging available such as: Nets Sheets Woven Nonwovens Knitted Coated Fibres used Synthetic as well as natural fibres are used in packtech. Fibres used in packteck are as follows: Nylon Polyester Polyethylene or high-density polyethylene(HDPE) Polypropylene (PP) Jute cotton Polyolefin Woven Sacks Woven sacks are manufactured out of PP/HDPE materials. These are laminated or non-laminated, ultraviolet stabilised TiO2, CaCO2 or anti-slip coated. They have following advantages, Higher Strength, Light Weight, Minimal Leakage, Moisture Proof Durable Suitable for reuse Polyolefin (HDPE/PP) woven sacks are one of the packing materials used widely in the packing of cement, fertilisers, thermo plastic raw materials, food grains, sugar, Fertilisers, Chemicals, Food Grains, Cattle Feed, Salt. Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers (FIBC) FIBCs are similar to the HDPE/PP bags but that of a larger size. FIBCs are cost effective and ideal type of packaging. It is used for storage and shipping of dry bulk products. It is produced from tubular or flat PP woven fabrics. such fabrics can be coated or uncoated and they vary in terms of weights depending upon the requirements of the Safe Working Load (SWL), or Safety Factor (SF). Leno Bags Leno bags are excellent for packing preserving material for and fruits. The Leno bags have widths between 20cm to 72cm. The mesh again is as per requirement with a maximum of 574 tapes in the warp in different colours. Leno bags on an average weigh 50g (or less). Leno bags have extra ordinary chemical and mechanical properties. Wrapping Fabric Wrapping fabric is made out of HDPE/PP, cotton canvas, etc. The fabric is available in roll form and can be installed on automatic machines. These fabrics are widely used in industries. Soft Luggage Soft luggage is made out of woven fabrics like nylon and polyester. It includes uprights, totes and duffle bags which available with or without wheels and handles. Due to cost effectiveness and lightweight, more and more people are shifting from hard luggage to soft goods. Jute Hessian Jute Hessian (Burlap) is quality jute and is widely used since years. it is suitable for variety range of goods. Hessian is used for bags. Currently, shopping bags are being made out of hessian fabrics. It is also used in the upholstery and home furniture. A plain woven fabric made of 100% Jute with single warp and weft interwoven; weight of fabric is less than 576 GSM. Hessian fabrics are lighter than sacking fabrics. Jute bagging material is mainly use due to openness of the weave which allows air to circulate while protecting the substances. Sacking bags, specifically it is use for storage agro-based products. Tea Bags Tea bags consist of a filter paper pouch with a thread, which holds the tea powder and a tag. The filter paper is made with a blend of wood and vegetable fibres. Heat-sealed tea bag paper usually has a heat-sealable thermoplastic materials such as PVC or polypropylene, inner side of tea bags are made from 100% nonwoven technical textile surface. The filter paper with 12-17 GSM non-woven material is use. The heat-sealing type tea bag paper is of 16.5 to 17 GSM approx. while the non-heat-sealed tea bag paper is around 12-13 GSM. Recent development and market of technical textile: According to techtextil, the technical textiles market is expected to hit 175 billion US-Dollars by 2020, almost doubling from 93 billion US-Dollars in 2000. Technical textiles account for 27% of worldwide fabric production[8]. Some example of modern textile fibre fabrics are: Breathable artificial fabrics Ultra-lightweight high-stretch synthetic fibres, Thin light reflective fabrics, Hollow fibres Blended fibres Ultra micro fibres. 3-D structured fabrics. Metallic textiles Extreme Sportswear This exquisite fabric. Phase change materials. Electronic textiles are normally known as the e-textiles or smart textiles. Here are some examples of this type of textile: Sports shoes Wearable computer jackets Warning vests Photonic textiles for innovative lighting solutions Wearable E-Health system Electronic Textiles to Help Battlefield Medics Global positioning system (GPS) jackets. Reference : Technical Textile Overview History, Classification, Technology, Market, End Uses. Technicaltextile.net. N.p., 2017. Web. 16 Mar. 2017. The Textile Institute, textile terms and definition, tenth edition, Textile institute, Manchester, 1994. Yarns Used In Technical Textiles. http://www.indiantextilejournal.com. N.p., 2013. Web. 30 Mar. 2017. Horrocks, A. Richard. Handbook Of Technical Textiles. 1st ed. Abington: The Textile Institute, 2008. Print. Frankfurt, Messe. Application Areas. Techtextil. messefrankfurt.com. N. p., 2017. Web. 17 Mar. 2017. Scott, Richard A. Textiles For Protection. 1st ed. Cambridge: Woodhead Pub., 2005. Print. Knowledge Documents, Technicaltextiles.Gov.In. Technicaltextile.gov.in. N.p., 2017. Web. 18 Mar. 2017. 2016 Top Markets Report-Technical Textile. http://trade.gov/topmarkets/pdf/Textiles_Top_Markets_Report.pdf. N. p., 2017. Web. 17 Mar. 2017.