Can Barack Obama deliver the change (in foreign policy) he promises Research Paper

Can Barack Obama deliver the change (in foreign policy) he promises - Research Paper Example 5. The federal budget is balanced, therefore allowing the President more time to work on foreign policy. CON: No, President Obama can not deliver the change in foreign policy he promises. 1. Barack Obama is defeated by Governor Mitt Romney, who becomes the next President of the United States of America on 6 November 2012. 2. The legislative branch of the United States government continues to bicker among themselves, therefore not agreeing on policy. 3. The countries that have historically been allies of the United States decide to cut ties politically with the United States. 4. The war in Afghanistan continues for more than four years therefore occupying most of President Obama’s attention. 5. The United States continues to go into debt, therefore decreasing the ability that the United States to create foreign policy as well as not allowing time to manage foreign policy with an ever nearing depression. Due to the interconnectedness of the world, foreign policy is now an import ant aspect of any politicians’ job. This is even more so for the President of the Unites States of America, a position that has numerous levels of responsibility. The President has to maintain internal peace of prosperity, as well as international concerns. The United States in recent decades has taken on responsibilities that most countries would not. Being a leader in world politics, world economics, and being a world super power takes a toll on a country as well as a leader. This has especially been true for the United States that has seen in the last two decades almost constant international warfare, a struggling economy, and increased numbers of adversaries. To achieve what needs to be accomplished internationally, the President must have a strong stance on foreign policy and the ability to enact change. When Barack Obama was elected President in 2008 the nation was embroiled in two large conflicts, the national debt was increasing, and the rate of employment was decreas ing. Foreign policy while important was not on the top list of things to do. However, now that the unemployment rates are stable, and the United States is out of one of the conflict zones, a look at if President Obama can achieve any significant change to Foreign policy is appropriate. The main hurdles that President Obama is facing are the upcoming elections, which parties controls the legislative branch, our international allies start to falter, the current war in Afghanistan continues, and there is no relief in sight for the national budget to be balanced. All five of these things could affect foreign policy. In addition to each of these being a detriment to the success, the opposite will be beneficial in accomplishing effective and long lasting change. The election that is taking place on November 6, 2012 is one of the most divisive elections in the last 50 years. Many bloggers have realized this and started to write about what this election is doing to the country. Due to this divisiveness both #1 and #2 are going to be dependent on the results of the election. Daniel Greenfield, in a very conservative blog believes that it was the intention of the candidates to divide the country, to spread fear and loathing among the population.i This division was done not to support the United States, but to show how bad it could be. The latest polls show that there is a chance of either party to win the Presidency.

PCI DSS stands for Payment Card Industry Essay Example for Free

PCI DSS stands for Payment Card Industry Essay The senior management has been advised by the legal department that the organization will need to become PCI DSS compliant before using online applications that accept credit cards and customer personal information. The management isn’t familiar with PCI DSS compliance; therefore, the management asked you to prepare a recommendation explaining PCI DSS compliance, how the organization can move through the compliance process, and the consequences of noncompliance. PCI DSS stands for Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard. PCI DSS originally began as five different programs: Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Discover and JCB data security programs. Each company creates an additional level of protection for card issuers by ensuring that merchants meet minimum levels of security when they store, process and transmit cardholder data. PCI DSS specifies 12 requirements for compliance, organized into six logically related groups called control objectives. Each version of PCI DSS has divided these 12 requirements into a number of sub-requirements differently, but the 12 high level requirements have not changed since the inception standard. The control objectives are Build and maintain a secure network, protect cardholder data, maintain a vulnerability management program, implement strong access control measures, regularly monitor and test networks and maintain an information security policy. The requirements for compliance are, install and maintain a firewall configuration to protect card holder data, do not use vendor-supplied defaults for system passwords and other security parameters, protect stored cardholder data, encrypt transmission of cardholder data across open public networks, use and regularly update anti-virus software on all systems commonly affected by malware, develop and maintain secure systems and applications, restrict access to cardholder data by business need-to-know, assign a unique ID to each person with computer access, restrict physical access to card holder data, track and monitor all access to network resources and cardholder data, regularly test security systems and processes and maintain a p olicy that addresses information security. According to Visa, no compromised entity has yet been found to be in compliance with PCI DSS at the time of a breach. Assessments examine the compliance of merchants and services providers with the PCI DSS at a specific point in  time and frequently utilize a sampling methodology to allow compliance to be demonstrated through representative systems and processes. It is the responsibility of the merchant and service provider to achieve, demonstrate, and maintain their compliance at all times both throughout the annual validation/assessment cycle and across all system and processes in their entirely.

John Steinbeck: A Common Mans Man :: essays research papers fc

John Steinbeck: A Common Man's Man "I never wrote two books alike", once said John Steinbeck (Shaw, 10). That may be true, but I think that he wrote many of his novels and short stories based on many of the same views. He often focused on social problems, like the â€Å" haves† verses the "have nots", and made the reader want to encourage the underdog. Steinbeck's back ground and concern for the common man made him one of the best writers for human rights. John Steinbeck was born in Salians, California and spent most of his life there or around Salians, because of that he often modeled his stories and the characters around the land he loved and the experiences he encountered. He lived in Salians until 1919, when he left for Stanford University, he only enrolled in the courses that pleased him - literature, creative writing and majoring in Marine Biology. He left in 1925, without a degree. Even though he didn't graduate his books showed the results of his five years spent there. His books display a considerable reading of the Greek and Roman historians, and the medieval and Renaissance fabalists and the biological sciences (Shaw 11). He then moved to New York and tried his hand as a construction worker and as a reporter for the American. (Covici , xxxv). Steinbeck then moved back to California and lived with his wife at Pacific Grove. In 1934, he wrote for the San Franciso News, he was assigned to write several articles about the 3,000 migrants flooded in at Kings County. The plight of the migrant workers motivated him to help and document their struggle. The money he earned from the newspaper allowed him to travel to their home and see why their reason for leaving and traveled to California with them, sharing in with their hardships (Steinbeck, 127). Because John Steinbeck was able to travel with the Okies, he was able to accurately portray them and their struggles. Each book that he wrote had settings in the places where he has either lived or wanted to live. He presented the land as it was. The characters in his stories experienced floods, drought, and other natural disasters, while in the Salians Valley (Shaw, 5). What Steinbeck wrote was very factual and in depth. He exhibited his awareness of man and his surroundings, in his early books, before people ate, a pig had to be slaughtered, and often that and before they ate, it had to be cooked. Also when a car broke down, the characters had to find parts, and fixed

Health and Social Care Level Essay

3.1 Analyse why life expectancy has increase over the last century. Life expectancy in the human race has risen dramatically in the past century reaching its highest level for both male and female on record. Between 1981 and 2002 life expectancy at age 50 increases by four and a half years for men and three years for women and two years respectively. By 2002 women who were age of 65 could expect to live to the age of 84 while men could expect to live to the age of 81. The primary reason for the vast increase in life expectancy in developed countries in the 20th century is universal clean drinking water and very high level of public and personal hygiene. These two improvements account for probably 80%of the life expectancy. Overall life expectancy increased due to 6 mayor factors 1. Clean drinking water 2. Universal sanitation 3. Significantly improved nutrition, particularly during infancy and childhood 4. Vaccination against most common epidemic diseases 5. Access to high-quality trauma (accident and emergency ) care 6. Improved drugs ( particularly, antibiotic) 3.2 Examine the main causes of mortality in men aged 65- 84. The leading causes of mortality in men over the age of 65 are also among most common causes of death among the population are as a whole. Many of these conditions are also highly preventable and treatable. Here are the top six main causes of mortality in men over 65. * Heart Disease: Heart disease is the number one cause of death among adults over the age of 60. Heart disease includes conditions such as heart failure heart attack and heart arrhythmia that can cause the heart to beat ineffectively and impair circulation. Heart disease is associated with or caused by diabetes, high blood pressure , smoking, improper diet and lack of exercise. * Cancer: cancer is second leading cause of death among seniors. It includes all cancers including breast cancer, colon cancer, and skin cancer. Also include are the malignant blood and bone marrow disease that cause leukaemia .many cancers occur at a higher rate among older adult, thoug h the cause for that is not clear .cancer can also be more difficult to treat due to health condition that may also be present. * Cerebrovascular Disease: More commonly known as stroke cerebrovascular disease can be cause by either a colt or blockage that cuts off blood flow to a part of the brain or by haemorrhage. In both cases there is damage or death of the brain tissue that can cause paralysis, speech disorder, swallowing problems and immobility. People with diabetes and high blood pressure are at higher risk of stroke. * COPD: Chronic obstructive lung disease decreases the lungs ability to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen. As the disease progress the patient has to work harder and harder to breathe often feeling as if they are suffocating. These disease are often link to a lifetime of smoking but be due to environmental factors. * Pneumonia: Pneumonia is the fifth highest killer of older adults, especially during the winter months of flu season. At high risk are seniors with chronic disease such as diabetes heart disease and reparatory conditions. The flu and pneumonia shot are recommended for all adults over the age 55 to help prevent this killer. Diabetes: Type two diabetes, also known as adult onset diabetes is a chronic that lowers the immune system and can increase risk of stroke, heart disease and other circulatory problems. Wounds take longer to heal and respiratory infections like pneumonia often are more severe. 3.3 Analyse the possible future increase or decline in life expectancy. People have been long imagining that they might individually live to old age. For most of human history, the threats to survive overwhelmed this idea. A few people lie to be old, but most of the members of any society died young. Until the early twentieth century more people died in infancy than at any other age. Reaching old age in the democratization of survival to old age in the period since about 1800. Survival and health should be distinguished. A person may be alive but not well. The different matter because disease and injury have not retreated as far as death has. Morbidity, in the sense of sickness prevalence, remains high in all societies, in some because communicable disease has taken their place. Moreover the factor state influence sickness and death seem to overlap only in part, and often to influence these two effects differently. In a future stage of the global health transition, sickness prevalence too may be forced back. Life expectancy statistical estimate of the number of years an individual is expected to live based on such criteria as sex, race, health and occupation. Average life expectancy declined from 62years in 1990 to 50 years in 2007; it is projected to fall even further by 2011, to 48 years for men and 51 for women according to the institute annual South Africa survey. The decline in life expectancy and the gap between levels in Russia and the rest of Europe l can be attributed mainly to abnormally high rates of cardiovascular disease a nd injury, for both which abuse of alcohol was a major risk factor. The guest to prolong our youth continues today, though not through lengthy field explorations, but through improvements in health, nutrition and medicine. A healthy diet regular exercise and vaccination can greatly improve an individual’s life expectancy, while an outbreak of disease, and mainly lower an individual’s life expectancy. But how life expectancy affect on a national level? While these factors are central to living longer, they alone cannot be the only facets. The social and economic conditions of each country will undoubtedly affect its citizens, their life styles and decisions. Citizens of wealthier countries have access to modern medicine and medical facilities, the leisure to exercise and meticulous regulation of sanitation and drinking water. Their life expectancies therefore, naturally should be higher than those of less developed countries. TO CONCLUDE: The future increase or decline in life expectancy is increasing by two years every decade. They show no sign of flattening out. Average life span around the world is already double what it was 200 years ago. Since the 1980s expert through the increase in life expectancy would slow down and then stop but forecaster have repeatedly been proved wrong. The reason behind the study rise in life expectancy is â€Å"the decline in the death rate of the elderly†. It is said that our bodies are evolving to maintain and repair themselves better and our genes are investing in the process to put off the damage which will lead to death. â€Å"There is no use by date when we age, ageing is not a fixed biological process† professor Kirkwood says. And with people nearly one in five currently in the uk living to see their 100th birthday in a good and better shape, it is safe to assume that this is all down to better eating habits, living conditions, education and medicine.

Harnessing the Science of Persuasion Article Critique/Analysis

Harnessing the Science of Persuasion Article Critique/Analysis I chose to critique the article â€Å"Harnessing the Science of Persuasion† by Robert B. Cialdini. As an undergraduate I was planning on a profession in the medical field, and I enjoy exploring how the science and business worlds correlate. In this article, Cialdini describes six scientific/psychological factors that contribute to enhancing one’s ability to increase influence on others. I interpret that pure motives are the main success factor in building influence at the underlying theme of Cialdini’s principles. I can only be as persuasive as I am sincere in my desires to know, and help others. In this paper I will overview some of the principles that Cialdini presents, and apply them to my strategy for my personal, and professional advancement. Liking/Similarity Though the conscious mind may seek diversity, there is an undeniable human behavioral trait to associate with people who are â€Å"like me†. At first glance this principle suggests that we should stick to doing business with people who look, act, believe similarly to how we do and avoid other people because we will not be successful with them. I feel that I have always had an ability to relate to people, whether it is in line at a Motley Crew concert, or in an executive meeting. I believe that humans are more similar than different. The skill is identifying common ground quickly in interactions, because everyone is in a hurry. I have attempted and will continue to apply this principal in my business interactions by showing a little personality in the first few seconds that I interact with my customers. The trick is to do this without being perceived as smug or an apathetic. I can say a quick line from a song that is stuck in my head, and say â€Å"sorry I’ll try to focus better throughout the remainder of this transaction;† or asking a detailed question about a project that the customer is working on. It is important to adjust the tone, and etiquette to the person, and situation that is presented. I have found that when the person that I joked around with comes back, they seek me out to help them more often than not. Like all of Cialdini’s principles these techniques ill only work if I am sincerely interested in the person that I’m interacting with. Humans are very skilled at detecting apathy, so if I have to fake it, it’s better to not to try. Consistency/Commitment I am a pretty witty, creative guy, as such I am fairly successful with the principle of liking/similarity as stated above. I honestly struggle with the principle of consistency. Consistency, as discussed by Cialdini, describes influencing others to firmly commit to do what you desire of them. This principle is mostly applicable in my interactions with my co-workers. I place such a high emphasis on relationships with people that I often leave the opportunity open to be taken advantage of. I have many responsibilities that go unaccomplished if I consistently do the job of a co-worker. In today’s business culture, hierarchal flowcharts are decreasing in authoritative efficacy, and behavior is influenced more strongly by persuasion skills. Getting people to buy in and commit to it because it is in the best interest of the customer, the company, and the person you are trying to convince is the goal of consistency. There are levels of commitment. A person can mentally commit, verbally commit to the issuer of the request, or publicly commit in front of peers. Each increased level of commitment results in higher likelihood that the person will keep their word. The challenge in applying this principle for me is to not come across as overbearing, or not willing to lead by example. I will apply this principle by discussing with my co-workers their desires to do a good job. I will ask those whom I direct to explain their thoughts about how we should best serve our customers, and apply their suggestions as best I can to procedural changes. I will also better describe the process from the perspective of people who work primarily inside the store, so that we can all better understand and assist each other. The success of consistency, perhaps even more so than the principle of liking, is dependent on motives. If it is perceived that you are more interested in throwing your authority around than working for the common good, resentment and non-compliance will result. I will avoid resentment by expressing sincere gratitude, and praise for a job well done. I will also show a willingness to go outside, and help when appropriate. I have read a few articles about enhancing persuasion in business, and to be honest, most of them come across as phony ways to trick people to do what you want. Cialdini certainly has some elements of convincing people that they want to do what you desire, but he introduces the idea that these techniques only really work if you have pure motives. I really like the idea that being an effective/persuasive leader starts with being an honest/authentic person.

10 Critical Essay Topics on Human Trafficking

10 Critical Essay Topics on Human Trafficking Human trafficking is the trade of humans for the purpose of sexual slavery, forced labor, or commercial sex exploitation. If you are studying it, chances are that you will have to come up with a critical essay that tackles one of its aspects. If you are strapped for time, though, you may have trouble coming up with a topic idea. So, here are 10 facts that can get your creativity levels up and help you come up with a topic. Human trafficking is a four-step process. Human trafficking is a complex process that involves breaking a number of national and international laws. The entire process has been mapped out by researchers. It involves four basic steps: Recruitment, Transportation and Entry, Exploitation, Gathering Criminal Proceeds. During this entire process, the victim suffers from mental, emotional, and, in some cases, severe physical abuse. The FBI led one of the biggest human trafficking raids in history. The US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) collaborated with 135 different local law enforcement agencies to plan and conduct Operation Cross Country XI. This operation helped rescue 149 children who were being sexually exploited and held captive by a large human trafficking ring. This raid by the FBI was considered to be one of the largest of its kind. Human trafficking is more common in poorer countries. Certain places and cultures are more likely to be involved in all phases of the human trafficking problem (International Organization for Migration, 2012). Typically, the trend is for trafficking victims into wealthier countries to originate income in poorer nations. However, this is not a rule. Fighting human trafficking requires more than one approach. Research shows that the best way to combat human trafficking is to take a multi-faceted approach. Measures must be made to improve law enforcement capacity and capability; increase awareness through education, outreach and training, assess regulations and refine them if necessary, and analyze and create programs that are practical and realistic. Human trafficking victims can be categorized. Polaris Project is an international organization that is devoted to the goal of ending human trafficking and modern slavery. Their findings show that human trafficking victims come from sections of population that are already categorized as vulnerable. The most at risk are the poor, the lower classes, at-risk youth, migrants, and individuals belonging to oppressed or highly marginalized groups. Women and children are mostly trafficked. According to estimates by the International Labor Organization (ILO), 20.9 million people around the world are victims of human trafficking. Over half of these, 68% are ones trapped in the nightmare of forced labor, 55% are girls and women, whereas 26% are children. Natural and armed conflicts are mainly responsible for this phenomenon. Natural disasters and armed conflicts create environments where the illicit trade of human trafficking runs rampant. Reports have shown that in the aftermath of disasters, human trafficking activities rise in the area. The situations seen in countries such as Sudan, Somalia, Haiti and Afghanistan. Therefore, it is necessary for humanitarian agencies to engage on the prevention of human trafficking. The role of the internet in this issue should be factored in the solution. Organized crime groups can exploit individuals by using the ubiquitous technology tool: the Internet. Human trafficking groups turn to the internet because it affords virtually perfect anonymity. They use the Internet to ensnare victims and also have access to encrypted financial transactions. They can also easily sell services or images online. The most common tools used by such groups are: Forums, web message boards, chat rooms, peer-to-peer networks, websites, live streaming services. With adequate measures, most of these common tools can be used to mask their online identity and avoid detection by law enforcement agencies. Law enforcement agencies across the world face a unique challenge when it comes to the Internet. Countries need to increase their cooperation in dealing with this issue. The traditional local investigative efforts should be refined as well. Law enforcement officials and other professionals need to be educated on effective victim rehabilitation. For victims of human traffickers, the ordeal continues after being rescued. Effective victim rehabilitation services are marred by many misconceptions. Adequate assistance to the victim can only be provided if their psychological state is understood by the ones helping them. This means educating law enforcement officers, social workers, and healthcare providers on handing these individuals carefully. The behavior of law enforcement can affect the level of cooperation of the victim. Since most victims do not know their rights, they remain virtual prisoners even after they have been rescued. The only way to fight the menace of this modern-day slavery is through global collaboration and cooperation. Child soldiers is an issue that may not be solved easily. Child soldiers have been used in almost all of the recent conflicts occurring in the African region. The major factors which make a child more vulnerable to this extreme form of exploitation are poverty, displacement from home, being orphaned, and having limited access to education. According to the UN and other NGO estimates, over 70,000 former child soldiers have been involved in disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) programs since 1998. However, thousands remain involved with armed groups in Central and Western Africa. Moreover, peace in the region does not always mean improvement of these children’s’ lives. They might continue to be neglected or have limited access to the DDR programs. Use these ten facts while coming up with a topic for your critical essay on human trafficking. If you need more help, do not hesitate to check our 20 topics on human trafficking for a critical essay. If you are still not sure about writing a critical essay, check the guidelines in how to write a critical essay on human trafficking. References: Aronowitz, A. (2009). Human trafficking, human misery (p. 10). Westport, Conn.: Praeger. Blake, A. (2015). FBI’s largest ever human trafficking sting leads to over 150 arrests, 149 kids recovered. The Washington Times. Retrieved from washingtontimes.com/news/2015/oct/15/fbis-largest-ever-human-trafficking-sting-leads-ov/ Burke, M. (2013). Human trafficking. New York: Routledge. Wilson, J., Dalton, E. (2008). Human Trafficking in the Heartland: Variation in Law Enforcement Awareness and Response. Journal Of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 24(3), 296-313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986208318227 Burke, M. (2013). Human trafficking (p. 9). New York: Routledge. New ILO Global Estimate of Forced Labour: 20.9 million victims. (2012). Ilo.org. Retrieved 18 March 2016, from ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_182109/langen/index.htm Human Trafficking | Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research. (2016). Hpcrresearch.org. Retrieved 18 March 2016, from hpcrresearch.org/research/human-trafficking Vienna Forum to Fight Human Trafficking, Technology and Human Trafficking 8 (Background Paper, 2008), https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/2008/BP017TechnologyandHumanTrafficking.pdf Increased focus on the link between the Internet and Human Trafficking | Europol. (2016). Europol.europa.eu. Retrieved 18 March 2016, from https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/increased-focus-link-between-internet-and-human-trafficking Palmiotto, M. Combating human trafficking (pp. 231-232).

The Great Gatsby - Illusion essays

The Great Gatsby - Illusion essays Illusion is often orientated as an aspect of love. Love traps one in a state of daze and becomes lethal to its prey. In the famous novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gatsby is in love with Daisy Buchanan so deeply that he begins to lose his true self and undergoes a drastic change. He devotes his life to obtain Daisys heart; however, what Gatsby thought to be the best for him led to a deprivation of both the well being of his mind and life. Gatsby goes through a dramatic transformation from his old self to his new self. Originally, he was known as James Gatz that [is] really, or at least legally, his name(104). He changes his name due to his shameful past of not able to capture Daisys heart. He believes that his new beginning can bring him a better future, a greater hope. After Gatsby erases his past, he and this Wolfshiem bought up a lot of side street drug stores here and in Chicago and sold grain alcohol over the counter(141). His desire to please Daisy overtakes his mind to justify his actions. His love for Daisy acts like a blinding light that evokes Gatsby into carrying out wrongful acts. Gatz abandons his ungrateful past and moves onto his new, unlawful creation-Jay Gatsby. After his transformation, Gatsby begins his quest to retain his past relationship with Daisy. When Nick thinks that it is a strange coincidence that Gatsby lives in West Egg, Jordan points out that Gatsby [buys] that house so that Daisy [will] be across the bay(83). Gatsby even chooses to live by wherever Daisy lives by, and he often reaches for the sight of Daisy in the middle of the nights. Gatsby believes that this will allow him a chance to show Daisy his success and his determination to win her back. Although successfully getting back with Daisy, Gatsby [wants] nothing less of Daisy than that she should go to Tom and say: I never lov...

How to Actually Use Your SAT Math Formulas

How to Actually Use Your SAT Math Formulas SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips On average, you’ll need to use an SAT math formula once every four to five questions. This accounts for approximately 20-25% of the combined math sections, which means it is crucial that you understand how and when to employ your formulas on the SAT. We’ve put together the list of your need-to-know SAT formulas (prioritized in the order from greatest to least that you’ll see them on the SAT) as well as how to best use them for test-day. What Formulas Will You Need on the SAT? You will always be given nine geometry formulas and two geometry laws on the test, but NO algebra or coordinate geometry formulas. We’ve put together a list of the 21 SAT math formulas you should know for test dayand prioritized them according to â€Å"need to know† and â€Å"good to know.† If you feel rusty on any formula or math topic on the list, check out one of our individual math topic guidesto see how the formula works (and even why it works), as well as how to recognize when to use it. We’ll also show you the alternatives to using formulas for many questions. For instance, you can solve your distance questionsby either using the distance formula or by drawing a picture and using the Pythagorean Theorem. Both of these methods require formulas, but you are given the Pythagorean Theorem in the formula box, and so we have classified the distance formula as â€Å"good to know† but ultimately not â€Å"necessary.† SAT math questions are designed to be solved in a multitude of ways, so don't worry about having to find the one "right" path. How to Use Your Formulas Effectively So how do you best utilize your formulas, both given and not given? Let’s take a look. 1) MEMORIZE your formulas The best thing you can do for yourself (and your SAT math score) is to memorize your formulasyes, even the ones you’re given. Though it is nice to have the formula box as a fallback option to double-check your work, it is both a distraction and a time suck to continuously flip back and forth from problem to formula box, problem to formula box. Dividing your focus like this can lead to careless errors and is not something that we recommend. Unless you, for any reason, cannot memorize your formulas, then absolutely do so. Memorization (and practice, to drill them into your head) is going to be one of the strongest tools in your belt when taking the SAT math section. If you're a visual learner, make yourself a set of formula flash cards. If you're a kinesthetic (movement) learner, practice drawing and/or writing them out on a separate piece of paper. And if you're an auditory learner, get a parent or a friend to help you drill them aloud. Once you feel you've got your formulas down, practice using them on actual SAT questions to help you both remember them and learn how to use a particular formula for a particular problem. (We'll give you the opportunity to practice using your formulas in the next section.) 2) Prioritize learning your most crucial formulas Some formulas come up over and over (and over!), while others show up sparingly at best. If you are pressed for time, nervous about memorizing so many formulas, or simply trying to map out your plan of attack, memorize your formulas in the order that they appear most often on the test. Of your â€Å"necessary† formulas, they appear on the test from greatest prevalence to least in roughly this order: Law: the sum of the interior degrees of a triangle is 180 Area of a triangle Law: the sum of the degrees of a straight line is 180 Area of a rectangle (or other quadrilateral) Pythagorean Theorem Finding slope of a given line (rise/run) Finding slope of line connecting two points Finding percentages Law: the number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360 Area of a circle Circumference of a circle Finding averages Area of a circle’s arc Circumference of a circle’s arc Finding probabilities Finding combinations Finding the midpoint of a line Volume of rectangular solid Volume of cylinder Of the â€Å"good to know† or â€Å"shortcut† formulas, you will need them roughly in this order: Special right triangle properties, 30-60-90 Special right triangle properties, 45-45-90 Arithmetic sequences Geometric sequences Distance formula 3) Decide NOW which (if any) of your â€Å"good to know† formulas you want to memorize The reason they are called â€Å"good to know† formulas is exactly how it soundsyou can find all the answers to your SAT math problems without knowing these formulas or shortcuts at all. On the other hand, knowing them can save you time and effort, so it’s entirely your decision whether or not to memorize them. Just keep in mind that it is worse to remember a formula incorrectly than it is to have not attempted memorizing it at all. So if you do decide to memorize, say, the distance formula, make sure you’ve got it locked down tight. Otherwise, just decide here and now to only pay attention to your necessary formulas and leave the â€Å"good to know† formulas in the dust. 4) Practice SAT math questions at home without looking up your formulas It’s one thing to memorize your formulas with flash cards, but it’s a whole other ball game to remember them when you come face to face with real SAT math problems. You’ll have to figure out which formulas to use and how to execute them, in addition to remembering just what they are. And the only way you’re going to be able to do this is by practicing. After you’ve made the effort to memorize your formulas, practice your SAT questions without the safety net. Try to solve them as if you were really taking the testso memorize your formulas if possible, but feel free to use the given formulas as a fallback in case you get stuck or need to double-check your answers. 5) Don’t panic if you forget a formula Most of all don’t panic! We’ve said it before, and we’ll say it againthere are always multiple ways for you to solve your SAT math questions. So if you forget a formula, don’t worry about it! Is it a problem that can’t be solved without a formula? You will always have your given formulas in your formula box to rely on in a pinch. Is it a problem that requires an algebraic (aka, NOT given) formula? Then you will likely be able to solve it in a way that does not require a formula. On most occasions, you will be able to use the strategies of plugging in answers,plugging in numbers,or even just making a logical guess, to help you solve questions that you otherwise cannot. If necessary, you can usually eliminate one or two answer choices that are obvious outliers, even if you don’t know the formulas or strategies for how to solve the problem. For example, let's check out how we narrow down our answer options for an SAT math problem without using any formulas at all. If, for any reason, you forgot your formulas and even forgot that you had a formula box at your disposal, you can still eliminate several answer choices for this problem. If we remember that all SAT figures are drawn to scale unless otherwise noted, we can see at a glance that angles $a$ and $c$ are clearly smaller than angles $b$, $d$, and $e$. Eliminating two answer choices is enough to take a guess on the SAT and not risk too much with a wrong answer penalty, but we might be able to narrow it down even further. Even without knowing that a straight line has a degree measure of 180, we can logically deduce that a straight line must measure some amount and that all straight lines will be the same. The unknown angle attached to a given angle in a straight line (the supplementary angle) will therefore measure the remaining amount of the full measure of the line (whatever that measure may be). To visualize this, let's say that you have two buckets full of tennis balls. Each bucket contains the exact same amount of tennis balls, even though you don't know how many that is. You remove two tennis balls from the first bucket and one tennis ball from the second. Even though you didn't know how many tennis balls there were to begin with in each bucket, we know that the second bucket must have more tennis balls remaining than the first. This means that the angle attached (supplementary) to the larger given angle on a line will be smaller than the angle supplementary to the smaller given angle on a line. In other words,angle $e$ will be smaller than angle $b$, because $e$ is attached to a larger angle on a line. This means we can eliminate angle $e$ from the group. This leaves us with two answer choices, $b$ and $d$, all without the use of any formulas whatsoever. By guessing now, we have a 50-50 shot of getting it right! [Note: the correct answer is D, angle $d$.] And, as a last resort, you can always skip the problem entirely. Remember: if you cannot eliminate any answer choices, then you’re better off skipping the problem and simply moving on. Pick up points where you can and cut your lossesa question here and there that you have to skip won’t affect your score as much as you may think. Ready to test out your formula skills? SAT Math Practice Using Formulas Now let’s test your formula knowledge against real SAT math problems, all of which require formulas (both given and not given) to solve. 1) 2) 3) 4) Answers: D, D, C, 8 Answer Explanations: 1) If we remember our solid geometry formulas, we know that the volume of a rectangular prism is found by: $a = lwh$ So we can find the volume of our smaller rectangular blocks by multiplying the height, length, and width. $3 * 2 * 1$ $6$ inches. We can also find the volume of our larger prism the same way. We are told that the box is a cube, which means that the height, length, and width are all equal. If one side of the cube measures 6 inches, the volume of the cube will be: $6 * 6 * 6$ $216$ inches. Now we can simply divide the larger box by the smaller blocks. $216/6$ $36$ 36 smaller rectangular blocks will be able to fit into the larger box. Our final answer is D, 36. 2) This is another problem we can pretty much eyeball and work through logically, without knowing much about circles. We can also work through it using our formulas properly, so let's look at both techniques. Let's start by estimating. We are told that the larger circle has a circumference of 36 and that the radius of the smaller circle is half the radius of the larger circle. We also know that the figure is to scale, since we are not told otherwise. Even without knowing anything about circles, we can see that the cut out of 80 ° looks to be a little less than a quarter of both the larger and the smaller circle. As you can see, the red lines would divide the circle into proper quarters, and 80 ° is a little less than this. So if we know that the larger circumference is 36, we can divide this by 4 to find the approximate length of the larger arc. $36/4 = 9$ We know that the arc of the larger circle must besmaller than 9 (remember80 ° is a little less than a quarter), so the arc of the smaller circle must be even smaller than this. We can safely eliminate answer options A and B. Now we can eyeball the difference between the arc measures and guess that, if the larger arc is close to 9, the smaller arc is probably larger than 2. This leaves us with two answer choices, C and D, which gives us a 50-50 chance of getting the right answer. It is a safe time to make our best guess. Alternatively, we can solve the question by using our knowledge of circle formulas and angles. We are told that the larger circle has a circumference of 36 and we know that, to find the circumference of a circle, we use the formula: $c =Ï€2r$ If the circumference is 36, then the radius must be $36/2 = 18$ This means that the radius of the smaller circle (which we were told is half the radius of the larger) must be 9. Now, to find the circumference of an arc, we use the formula: $c_{arc} =Ï€2r(\angle/360)$ $18(80/360)$ $4$ Our final answer is D, 4. 3) We know that the area of a triangle is: $a = {1/2}bh$ Imagine, then, that we are working with a right triangle. This way, we can use one of our leg measures as our height to get our maximum area. We also know that the hypotenuse of a right triangle will be the side opposite the 90 degree angle. So if 10 is the longest side (the hypotenuse), the base or the height would have to be smaller. If, however, 10 acted as either the base or the height, the 7 would act as the other piece. This would mean our area was: $a = {1/2}(10)(7)$ $a = 35$ The largest possible area for our triangle is 35. Our final answer is C, 35. 4) For this problem, let us first fill in our given information. Now, we know that triangle APC is a right triangle, which means we can use either the Pythagorean Theorem (or our triangle shortcuts) to find the length of AP. $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$ $a^2 + 3^2 = 5^2$ $a^2 + 9 = 25$ $a^2 = 16$ $a = 4$ AP = 4 Now triangle ABP is also a right triangle, because it is connected on a line to the right triangle APC. In other words, angles BPA and APC are supplementary. This means we can find the measure of leg BA by using the Pythagorean Theorem one more time. $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$ $(4√3)^2 + 4^2 = c^2$ $16(3) + 16 = c^2$ $48 + 16 = c^2$ $64 = c^2$ $c = 8$ BA = 8. Our final answer is 8. You did it! It's done, yay! Image: Travis Nep Smith/Flickr The Take-Aways Don’t underestimate the value of needing to both know and understand your SAT formulas, but don’t get too fixated on them either. Though problems that require formulas account for 20-25% of your overall SAT math questions, that still leaves 75-80% of all SAT math questions that DON’T require formulas at all. So make sure that you know your formulas, but don’t think that knowing your formulas is the only hurdle to pass to do well on your SAT math test. Formula knowledge is just one step (though an important step) for doing well on the SAT math section as a whole. But a knowledge of your formulas, a balanced study plan, and a brush-up on any SAT math topic in which you might be rusty will definitely help get you to get where you need to be by test-day. What’s Next? Need to brush up on a particular SAT math topic?Check out ourindividual math topic guidesfor all your SAT math needs. Running out of time on the SAT math section?We'll show youhow to beat the clock and maximize your scorebefore time runs out. Been procrastinating in your SAT math study?Our guide willhelp you balance out your study time and beat back the urge to procrastinate. Aiming for a perfect score?Check out ourguide to getting an 800 on the SAT math section, written by a perfect-scorer. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Math strategy guide, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. 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The impact of implementation of IFRS on UK companies. a case study of Dissertation

The impact of implementation of IFRS on UK companies. a case study of M&S - Dissertation Example The published papers with reference to the implementation by the accounting bodies, institutions and the journals have been analyzed for this purpose. In addition to the company specific impact of implementation of IFRS, the effect of changes in the accounting policies has also been analyzed generally in a comprehensive manner. Adoption of the fair value model of accounting as against the established traditional accounting practices based on the historic cost method would be counterproductive especially in the case of intangible or financial assets with huge fluctuations in valuations on day to day basis. It is concluded that as the implementation of IFRS results into inflation of profits, the predominant causes of such overstatement shall be dealt with to avoid its negative effects on the corporate governance through national debate. Contents Page Introduction Research Aim Research Objectives Terms of Reference Background Literature Review Benefits of harmonisation or Reasons underl ying the adoption of IFRS in the UK and Europe Implications for UK Companies adopting IFRS The first time adoption of IFRS Research Methodology Analysis, Discussion and Findings Disclosure under IFRS Fair valuation Conclusions/Recommendations References Appendices Introduction International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has issued International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), and the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC) of the IASB has issued interpretations for this purpose. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) are considered a ‘principles-based’ set of standards establishing broad based rules rather than dictating specific treatments. All major countries have been moving towards IFRS regime and the implementations in different countries are at different stages. Many national and international institutions require public companies listed in the stock exchanges, banks and insurance companies to adopt IFRS for statu tory reports. In the near future, most of the companies and their subsidiaries worldwide are expected to be covered under IFRS. Apart from the listing requirements or statutory reporting, financial institutions lending to these companies, government bodies and national and international corporations stipulate compliance with IFRS to fulfill their obligations in respect of financial reporting for the purpose of approvals or licensing. Ian D Wright, Chairman of Financial Reporting Committee of the Institute of the Chartered Accounts of England and Wales said in 2002: "The Institute has supported the European Commission through a lengthy political process to see this Regulation come into effect because we believe passionately in the benefits to business of truly international accounting standards." (ICAEW, 2011) Convergence in financial reporting hinges on the consistency between the country accounting standards and IAS. In March 2004, the ASB issued a ‘Strategy for Convergence o f UK GAAP with IAS’. (CIMA, 2006) It is in this backdrop, the paper seeks to study and analyze the issues related to the impact of implementation of IFRS on UK companies and with reference to M&S in respect of the following: Research Questions 1. What are the impacts of implementation of IFRS generally and on statement of profits? 2. What are the impacts of the disclosure under IFRS? 3. What is the impact of adoption of value model as against the historic cost model in the implementation of

State of women's equality in Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

State of women's equality in Canada - Essay Example Do factors like ethnicity and economic status determine the establishment of equality of women in Canada along with policymaking? Women’s interests were a part of policy making since the seventies. In the 80s the issue of representation of women in state legislations came into play. A comparison can be made in terms of the policy process between Canada’s Royal Commission and Commission for Gender Equality between Men and Women of Switzerland. In fact in case of women of Sweden and Canada, commitment to equality encompasses gender bias to some extent. In fact the effectiveness of government policies also depends upon how far women are able to organize and discipline themselves to face the resistance of men towards policies which endanger their conventional role of dominance. In Sweden women defended their position as â€Å"insiders† within political parties in order to have equal position with men in both private and public fields. In Canada however, the campaign of women’s equality moved slowly beyond communities of women who had hardly any effect on the men’s dominant position in political groups. In order to defend their status as outsiders they used the Royal Commission on the Status of Women in 1960. They presented their interests at the hearings of the Commission (Briskin& Eliasson, 1999, p.120). However the recommendations of the commission regarding women’s position were limited. The commissioner pressed the government for raising the funding for women’s groups and thus they rather established the outsider’s role of women legally than challenging the system of representation. Also the hearings and procedures favoured the elite groups of women from conservative households rather than the poor and working class or immigrant and ethically inferior women. Most of the representations came from the well known established groups (Briskin& Eliasson, 1999, p. 126). Canadian government introduced the Equal Op portunity Act as a tool against sexual discrimination. The act encouraged formation of unions by women activists. This emphasised an innovative structure of leadership and emphasis is led on accountability, participation (not representation) and bringing in more democracy in decision making amongst women (Briskin & Eliasson, 1999, pp.128-129). The book The Jade Peony discusses distinct women characters who reflect strength and determination in the form of decision making. Poh-Poh, the grandma, symbolizes respect and order. She teaches everyone in the family with the help of superstitions and encourages the younger generation to speak Chinese instead of following the Canadian culture. She is superstitious and always talks of superstitions and ghosts to teach the family members. The story represents immigration and the low economic status of the immigrants whose jobs were unstable. Women had no power within family and in decision-making roles as per the Western values but Grandma is m ore inclined towards Chinese customs according to which women played dominating roles in the family. Grandma’s adherence to superstitions is another escape from the poor conditions of livelihood. Her hands symbolize knowledge, creativity skills that are earned in the difficult way. Chinese people were brought in to do the hard manual jobs like railway building and then passed the law to freeze immigration from China. The old

6.Critically evaluate the contribution of different feminist Essay

6.Critically evaluate the contribution of different feminist approaches to the discipline of Sociology - Essay Example usually emphasize on the ‘male domination of society’ (Kirby, 2000, p.90) trying to explain the causes for various social phenomena; the above method of explaining the development of social facts leads to the justification of certain social facts and the ignorance of others; it is mentioned, for instance, by Kirby (2000) that feminist approaches are used in order to explain the abuse of women by men but there is no reference to the opposite phenomenon. Despite their weaknesses, the feminist approaches have contributed to the development of sociology but this contribution has different aspects and consequences in the context explained below. Feminist perspectives in sociology are likely to have a specific theoretical form; this form is usually depended on the social theory on which these perspectives are based; the above fact is made clear in the study of Rege (2003) where it is noted that ‘a popular method of categorizing feminist theory has been the hyphenated approach: liberal, radical, Marxist, socialist, postmodern and black feminisms’ (Rege, 2003, p.51The development of feminist approaches in sociology has led to severe conflicts among researchers that study the specific field; more specifically, it has been supported that the existence of feminist approaches implies that in sociology there are also ‘masculine’ approaches (Hage, 1994, p.140); this fact leads to the assumption that social theories are not based on the observation and objective interpretation of social phenomena but they are likely to be influenced by the gender of the sociologist involved. This assumption could lead to the decrease of quality and validity of social theories. The above view would also imply that theories that are quite known and which are not characterized as based on a feminist approach of social phenomena, for instance the positivism, cannot be used in order to explain social conditions or actions that are related to women – for example the role of the women in

An outline marketing plan for the next year for Atlantic Quench 308 Essay

An outline marketing plan for the next year for Atlantic Quench 308 - Essay Example This paper will present an outline marketing plan report that suggests a marketing strategy for AQC cranberry juice for the next one year. It will highlight the positioning, marketing mix, and marketing communication strategy for the company, which will based on a provisional budget that seeks to attain 20% growth in the next one year. In the UK and across the world, juice is consumed in numerous households. However, in the past decade, the juice market has suffered the adverse effects as the popularity of diets that are low-carb in nature has increased. The constant price sales between 2008 and 2014 have declined by up to 15%, although sales are expected to increase slightly by the end of 2015 (Falguera & Ibarz, 2014: p47). Still, there has been growth in the functional and healthy juice product line with consumers presently looking for natural and healthy juices. A recent survey by Mintell (2012: p33) concluded that approximately 90% of the juice consumer market are now actively looking for products that are 100% juice, while nutrient of vitamin enhancement was essential for ~65% of consumers and 25% and 50% of consumers look for low-carb and low-sugar juice products respectively. Mintel (2012: p33) identifies relatively high consumption of juice fruit in households with high income and children, along with hous eholds with younger adults as the heads. Households with children, overall, show increased rates of juice consumption, which emphasizes the importance of young families to the fruit juice market. This paper will present a report on AQC’s marketing plan for the next year between January and December 2015. The marketing plan’s aim is to capture at least 20% of the juice industry market share within this period of one year. The juice market has a high level of segmentation with refrigerated juices holding more than 40% of the segment, while also showing an increase of 4.2% between 2012 and 2013 (statista.com, 2013:

Through Media and Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Through Media and Technology - Essay Example Technology is cold but it is often more efficient than human beings who are more likely to make calculative and academic mistakes or be slowed by human considerations and errors. People are becoming more and more accustomed to getting what they want with a single click. Many experts feel that that elevated exasperation and deteriorated patience are only likely to get worse and separate people even more. The more we favor that perspective the more and more distant from one another people may become. We interact with technology on a regular basis every day. We cannot make a phone call and speak to a person without first speaking to a â€Å"human-sounding† automated system to direct your calls. When we shop at grocery stores several have self-service checkout lanes where a friendly female voice directs you through the process and thanks to you for your patronage. The more commonplace this becomes the more desensitized we become to interacting with technology that sounds, behaves, and functions ever-increasing human ways. Children are being indoctrinated by robotic toys that resemble positive likable things, like dinosaurs and obedient puppies. These pleasing forms only work to make technology more and more appealing. However, they are still machines and are not capable of genuine emotion. It would not take long for humanity to become as empty and superficial as the technology they interact with. Human compassion, sympathy, empathy would likely all fade away in the face of greater efficiency and logic.

Social Needs of Children and Adolescents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Social Needs of Children and Adolescents - Essay Example B. According to the social learning theory, children learn the skills of effective communication through their observations of adults around them. The development of communication skills among children is hence, directly related to their parents and the environment in their homes. A happily married couple is likely to give positive vibes and create a positive environment for the child which in turn leads to the development of a strong sense of emotional security in the child, thus ultimately contributing to positive interaction skills among them (Fine & Harvey, 2006). Â  C. Emotional unresponsiveness is the key quality in a family environment that may restrict the development of crucial social development skills among children. Children, who lack emotional support from their parents, tend to lack self-confidence and results in an insecure relationship between the child and the parent. This further creates a high-stress environment in the family, leading to serious negative consequences on the social development of the child (Mash, 2003). Â  D. The adoption and implementation of psychoeducational approach in a classroom help in the development of positive intrapersonal skills development among children (Hunter-Carsch, 2006). One of the most significant aspects of a classroom environment is the one which encourages the children to listen attentively. Since effective listening skills contribute to the development of effective problem-solving skills (Adams, 1994). Â  E. A classroom environment which follows a strictly formal approach while interacting with the students could prove to be detrimental to the achievement and development of effective social skills.

Through Media and Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Through Media and Technology - Essay Example Technology is cold but it is often more efficient than human beings who are more likely to make calculative and academic mistakes or be slowed by human considerations and errors. People are becoming more and more accustomed to getting what they want with a single click. Many experts feel that that elevated exasperation and deteriorated patience are only likely to get worse and separate people even more. The more we favor that perspective the more and more distant from one another people may become. We interact with technology on a regular basis every day. We cannot make a phone call and speak to a person without first speaking to a â€Å"human-sounding† automated system to direct your calls. When we shop at grocery stores several have self-service checkout lanes where a friendly female voice directs you through the process and thanks to you for your patronage. The more commonplace this becomes the more desensitized we become to interacting with technology that sounds, behaves, and functions ever-increasing human ways. Children are being indoctrinated by robotic toys that resemble positive likable things, like dinosaurs and obedient puppies. These pleasing forms only work to make technology more and more appealing. However, they are still machines and are not capable of genuine emotion. It would not take long for humanity to become as empty and superficial as the technology they interact with. Human compassion, sympathy, empathy would likely all fade away in the face of greater efficiency and logic.

Part1_ interpreting curriculum doc & their use. Part2_using Curriculum Assignment

Part1_ interpreting curriculum doc & their use. Part2_using Curriculum doc& school knowledge.Part3_Explaing&justifying your curriculum plan - Assignment Example given scenario of early childhood curricula of making a seesaw on a twin tree, both the learning intentions and class experiences chosen by the teacher were on point. In the teaching and learning process, it is advisable that teachers should start from known concepts to unknown concepts. This means that the teacher should start teaching the learners right from prior knowledge the learners know before introducing them to new knowledge and experiences (Early Years Learning Framework (EYLF), 2014). This is exactly what the teacher did; he wanted the learners to apply the skills they have on playground seesaws and make their own from natural materials outside the school playground. Thus, the learners just transferred the knowledge and skills they use on playground seesaw to make another seesaw. These experiences promoted the spirit of creativity and confidence in the learners; the two are vital components of the learning process. The learning outcomes are the real results that emerge from the learning process, on the other hand, the learning principles are the guideline that guides teachers to provide an effective learning (Susan, 2004). Indeed the learning outcomes were appropriate to the learning experiences since the learners started to develop a sense of autonomy and inter-dependence. EYLF, (2014) states that autonomy helps learners to work with little assistance from the teacher on the other hand inter-dependence aids in sharing their ideas of one another hence, collective teaching. The two skills lead to faster learning unlike where the learners are over-dependent on the teacher. However, for these skills to develop fully, the teacher should have used various scenarios that would expose these learners to a variety of experiences. The curriculum designer should be more practical than being theoretical during the learning process (EYLF, 2014). Young learners need to be exposed to learning experiences that are more practical in nature for them to understand

History of Non Profit Horse Rescue Essay Example for Free

History of Non Profit Horse Rescue Essay At present, there are plentiful of non profit organizations for horse rescue and all of them share the same goals and objectives. These organizations’ main goal and mission is to provide rescue, rehabilitation, foster care, and have a positive environment for those horses and equines that have either been abandoned, abused, unwanted, mistreated, neglected, tortured, retired, or are at risk of going to slaughter. Each non profit organization for horse rescue has its own history. Before long, horses and equines were used for transportation. In 1950’s when motorized vehicles were becoming more practical and affordable, horses were replaced as means of transportation by these lower maintenance and faster vehicles. Because of this, many horses were abandoned and neglected and were being sent to slaughter. Thus in 1952, a non profit horse rescue organization called HorseWorld was established to take care of the many working horses whose jobs were taken away and replaced by the motorized vehicles (HorseWorld, 2008). May wild horses or mustangs or more accurately termed as feral horses freely roam on public lands in several states of America like Arizona, California, Idaho, and Wyoming. But the numbers of mustangs were declining as time passes. Mustangs are horses whose ancestors were domestic horses that first arrived in America with Christopher Columbus on his voyage in 1493 (Lifesavers Inc. , 1997). Many of these domestic horses were freed or escaped from early explorers, native tribes, etc. to become free-roaming horses all across America. In order to protect and rescue these horses, the Wild Free-roaming Horse and Burro Act was passed by Congress in 1971 and many non profit horse rescue organizations have come out to protect, manage, and control wild free-roaming horses on public lands. One of these organizations is the Lifesavers Wild Horse Rescue. There are many other non profit organizations that protect and rescue not only horses but also dogs and cats from dangerous situations. The important thing is that these organizations give a chance for these animals to have a better life. This reflects how these animal rescue organizations give value to the rights of animals to safety and just treatment.

Tesco Changing Business Environment

Tesco Changing Business Environment Briefly describe and evaluate the changing business environment at Tesco over the last five years using appropriate theories, models and relevant examples. Introduction Tesco was been founded by Jack Cohen, on his first day he managed to gain a profit of  £1 and sales of  £4. Tesco is ranked third in world for largest grocery retailer, with its operations in more than 14 countries. The name â€Å"Tesco† had appeared first in 1924, and its first shop was opened in London. In 1947 the company was been listed on London Stock Exchange and in 1948 it opened the first self-service shops for business. First Tesco supermarket was opened in 1956 in Essex. In 1947 Tesco started selling Gasoline. Its annual Turnover in 1979 was around 1 billion pounds. It started its first senior department in 1975 and in 1997 Its first Large stores (extra). Companies main purpose is to create value for customers in order to earn them lifetime loyalty. This strategy made them successful and is now the topmost Supermarket in UK. Tesco apart from being one of the largest retailers for food have also embraced the non food products and expanding on household goods, toil etries, electrical items, clothing etc. One of the most important strategies of Tesco is focus on non food items. Business environment: Business environment includes of many factors that affect an organisations operation are customers, competitors, stakeholders, suppliers, industry trends, regulations, other government regulation, social, economic factors and technological developments. â€Å"Business Environment is the total of all things external to business firms and industries which affect their organisation and operations.† (Bayard O Wheeler, 1968) The business depends on many factors, but it has to act and react accordingly inside as well as outside of factory. Changes that occur within a company is called as internal factors and changes outside the company are called as external factors. This effect the objectives and strategies of the company. PESTEL Analysis of Tesco:- PESTLE Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors: analysis measures the market potential and situation, particularly indicating growth or decline Tesco is the giant of all supermarkets due to its UK dominance. Analysis of the marker has shown three main reasons for this. A PESTLE analysis is therefore useful in keeping TESCO up to date with their environmental surroundings, for example, realising in advance that we were heading for a recession would have helped them to plan ahead. Tesco are scattered everywhere both locally and internationally They sell to almost every segment of the society They sell both food and non food items Political: Politically, the recession is one of the main spectrums that are currently affecting all the countries which may lead to higher numbers of unemployment. As one of the largest and fastest growing retailers more jobs will be available with TESCO therefore helping to reduce the levels of unemployment. Economic: One of TESCO’s competitive advantages at present relates to their overwhelming physical presence, there are issues about TESCO driving out the competition from other retailers. There are policies as well as laws and regulations governing monopolies and competition which would be identified though an analysis. This is potentially one of the main issues that TESCO’s are faced with. Protecting consumers and ensuring that entrepreneurs have the opportunity to compete in the market economy are important within consumer law. Due to the current state of the economy, many small businesses are failing and many unable to enter the market. Analysis has helped to assess where location wise there is a demand for expansion. The situation is in no way being assisted by the ever expanding TESCO’s chains of store. Under EU law, there is presumption that an organisation with a large market share is dominant. The concerns with this are that quality of products and service s will slip and there is a risk of paying higher prices. TESCO to date has not been assessed as posing a risk of exploitation but should bear this in mind. This is the reason why regular or continuous scans making use of the PESTLE analysis will lead to continuous assessments which can ensure that TESCO’s dominance is not in any way exploitative. Planning permission is an issue that TESCO seriously need to be aware of due to their continued expansion. Planning permission is heavily regulated in the UK. A thorough analysis would help us to identify the relevant laws on planning permission and whether any resistance to planning was on lawful grounds or merely local people’s dissent. It therefore initially assesses the potential success of a store in a new area. Social: Sociological aspect of the PESTLE analysis involves lifestyle trends, demographics consumer attitudes and opinions, consumer buying patterns major events and influences buying access and trends in the case of Tesco considerations such as the increase in immigration of Eastern Europeans or increase in young professionals. Naturally there is therefore a demand for new goods for example; the career minded professional who is a single person. This has seen a rise in the meals for one or quick microwaveable meals to make cooking quick and easy for those always on the go. Technological : Technological factors which have perhaps had the most impact on TESCO has been the growth in the use of the internet .Internet has given new shape to new day shopping They have capitalised on the use of online shopping forum Tesco direct and provide a delivery service through their website at www.tesco.com.this has aided the company to cater to a larger segment of people at their convenience. TESCO’s are also instrumental as a retailer in supporting carbon reductions and have created a  £100 million Sustainable Technology Fund for this purpose. They also encourage their customers to make low carbon choices. Yet if TESCO’s did not take their corporate responsibilities seriously in relation to environmental issues it could have face consequences for TESCO’s reputation. By doing a PESTLE analysis we can analyse the development and the success of TESCO’s in addition to the day to day management of each store in line with strategic decisions. Without knowing what external factors affect the organisation, it is difficult to manage the business in an efficient manner. Tescos Business Operations Understanding thorough various business models, all companies need several business strategies to run their business in a smooth manner. They follow various methods to do so. One of the major is to analysis the strengths weakness of the company along with the opportunities it has and which may arise in future and the threats which they may face. SWOT Analysis Strength, weakness, Threat and Opportunities Strengths 1. Tesco is one of the largest and renowned grocery retailers. The brand name is one of the biggest strengths they possesses. They have diversified into different countries with about 1 million workforces from different backgrounds and different age groups. During the decline of global retail overall sales the company has still shown a growth of 13% within the UK markets and 26% internationally .They have won several retail awards for keeping up their standards and providing best retails services keeping in mind their corporate responsibilities . They are continuously expanding with propositions of opening several stores on an international level. 2. Of the major supermarkets in the UK, only Tesco, The Co-operative, Iceland and Sainsburys offer loyalty card schemes to customers. Customers can collect two Club card points for every  £1 (or one point for â‚ ¬1 in Ireland and Slovakia) they spend in a Tesco store, or Tesco.com, and 1 point per  £1 in petrol station (not in Slovakia). Customers can also collect points by paying with a Tesco Credit Card, or by using Tesco Mobile, Tesco Homophone, Tesco Broadband, selected Tesco Personal Finance products or through Club card partners, E.ON and Avis. Each point equates to 1p in store when redeemed or 4p when used with club card deals (offers for holidays, day trips, etc). Club card points (UK IE) can also be converted to Air miles. Club card points are also converted into coupons which can be redeemed for extra points or cash totals. 3. They use its own-brand products, including the upmarket Finest, mid-range Tesco brand and low-price Value encompassing several product categories such as food, beverage, home, clothing, Tesco Mobile and financial services. Weaknesses 1. Due to the current economic conditions TESCOs may suffer from the rising cost of living and lower incomes available to the public resulting in less demand for the non essential and mid to high priced items. 2. Due to the ongoing recession TESCOs Finance profit levels were impacted through bad debt, credit card arrears and household insurance claims. This could continue if the market doesn’t see change soon. 3. TESCOs has retained its position as a price leader in UK markets for which they had to reduce profit margins in order to retain the key price points on commercial items. 4. Grocer outlets are not set up to operate as specialist retailers in specific areas of product which can be capitalised on by smaller retailers and things can be sold locally. Threats 1. Due to the ongoing recession UK and American markets have been affected by economic concerns. Loss of employment and Lower income available will impact and strategic focus may need to change to lower priced basic products with less focus on higher priced brands and luxury products suggesting a change in pricing structure. 2. Due to modern development and constant changes in technology there are a lot of changes to consumer buying behaviours. Requiring further analysis as technology develops consumer buying patterns change which will result in product areas requiring evaluation constantly to keep up with the demands. 3. Rising raw material costs from both food and non food will impact profit margins overall. 4. Sourcing changes to Far East locations with regards exporting restrictions on some non food product areas will reduce margin rates on products with already low margins. 5. Tesco has always feared the threat of takeover from the market leader Wal-Mart who has both means and motive to pursue such action. Wal-Mart has been a leader especially in the US market for few years now. With its alliance with ASDA in the UK they are one of the nearest competitors. Opportunities 1. After researching the growth figures and sales of Tesco the statics suggest that TESCO is the third largest global grocer which indicates a level of buying power to ensure mainstream economies of scale. 2. The acquisition of Homever provides the opportunity to develop the brand through Asia, specifically South Korea and further grow International markets for the group. 3. Tesco Direct has been one of the recent and great achievements which has been seen as one of the important tools in increasing the sales margins. The online and catalogue shopping will grow the use of technology, providing the launch pad for larger non food based products with moderate to high margin returns and less focus on sales and margin per foot return to space. The development of such platforms not only help in saving retail space but reach a larger number of people. 4. TESCO mobile have grown  ¼ million customers in 2008 and moved into profitable status suggesting further growth and development within this technological area can be developed. Tesco’s Market Share (Figures based on year 2008-2009) in comparison with the closest competitors ASDA, Morrison, Sainsbury) Fig 1 TESCO’s growth chart over the last five years (2005-2009) showing constant growth in turnover and profit. Bowman strategy Its another suitable way to analyze a companys competitive position in comparison to the offerings of competitors. Bowman considers competitive advantage in relation to cost advantage or differentiation advantage. There are six core strategic options Low price / low added value: this option is based on segmentation. Tesco has products that will be suitable for different geographical areas, population or age Low Price: this option signifies the importance of being the cost leader. The company has to the risk of price war and low margins Hybrid the Company need to take care of the cycle of reinvestment by keeping a low cost base and low price Differentiation: Differentiation can be created either with a price premium the perceived added value should be sufficient enough to bear the price premium or without where the perceived value by user yielding market share benefits Focused differentiation: the company tries to focus on perceived added value to a particular segment which will assure a premium price. Increased price standard: keeping higher margins in case competitor do not want value risking loosing the market share Increased price /low values .this option will only work if the company holds a monopoly and has no competitors Low value standard price: in this option one would lose the market share as the value provided is low at a standard price of the market Tescos Steering Wheel (1997)- Key performance indicators :The rationale for the strategy is to broaden the scope of the business to enable it to deliver strong sustainable long-term growth by following the customer into large expanding markets at home – such as financial services, non-food and telecoms – and new markets abroad, initially in Central Europe and Asia, and more recently in the United States. The strategies and objectives of the company: Tesco has a well-established and consistent strategy for growth, which has allowed us to strengthen our core UK business and drive expansion into new markets. †¢ To be a successful international retailer: Tesco is focusing on not only a full expansion within the UK but also throughout the world. Currently they have several projects including reopening of retail outlets in countries like China, India, Brazil. †¢ To grow the core UK business: Tesco wants to provide excellent customer service and value to all customers thought the UK †¢ To be as strong in non-food as in food. The expansion of hypermarket style supermarkets and the emphasis of sale of non products have increased over the last few years .non food represents a significant profit opportunity I have tried to look at the overall company’s policies and strategies of Tesco to be as strong in non food item like it does in food. †¢ To develop retailing services such as Tesco Personal Finance, Telecoms and Tesco.com †¢ To put community at the heart of what we do: Tesco emphasis on providing value services and to earn life time loyalty. They take initiative in developing the community and making an effort to shape the environment for betterment. The policies they follow include using fair trade policies, creating shared value, social accounting etc. They have close affiliations with charitable organizations like cancer research, race for life etc The growth of any product sale depends on different aspects. I have visited nearly all Tesco formats and had a view of what Tesco is offering and how the services are provided for the same Earning Customer Loyalty- What is in place and how have they improved over the five year – loyalty card , membership Tesco’s Club card program boasts 10 million active households and captures 85% of weekly sales. It is also a symbol of Tesco’s commitment to their customers as individuals: multidimensional customer segmentation and tailored communications as of last June, four million unique quarterly mailings prove to Tesco’s customers that they can count on their â€Å"local grocer† to know them. Mailings are tailored to the needs, interests, and potential interests of Club Card members. Customers are segmented into cost conscious, mid-market, and up-market segments, which are in turn segmented into healthy, gourmet, convenient, family living, and so on. These sub segments are then segmented further and communications are tailored to each. Impressively, Club Card coupon redemption is in the 20%-40% range and cost per redemption decreased since the inception of the Club Card Program. By targeting in such a relevant way and treating customers according to their individual behaviors, needs, and desires, Tesco came to understand that a higher-value coupon is not needed when you’ve reached the right person in the right way with a tailored message. In the five year period following the implementation of the Club Card program, sales have increased by 52% and still grow at a rate higher than the industry average. Store openings and expansions have increased Tesco’s floor space by 150%. In the online space, tesco.com boasts 500,000 transactions weekly, totaling nearly two billion pounds in sales each year. The profitability, plus the size of the tesco.com business and the number of transactions it completes, makes tesco.com a truly unique online grocery store. (http://www.loyalty.vg/pages/CRM/case_study_14_Tesco.htm) Conclusion and recommendation: After a thorough research of Tesco as a company, its strategies and the turnover and sales figures it can be assessed that the company has been on a constant growth graph. The company is facing few challenges due to recession and constant technological developments however with their strategies they are turning them into opportunities. The company not only is focusing at a diversified and international market but is also doing it in way which will not only benefit it customers and meet the corporate responsibility. They currently also are one of the leaders in the UK market with 30% share and 3rd internationally. Tesco also y launched a new range of cheaper discount goods to stop shoppers deserting, which hit Tescos top-line sales as shoppers traded down to the new items. Shoppers now buy an average of two items each from the discount range. The launch of the Tesco Club card to encourage shopper loyalty is also been a great advantage. The company should focus on dealing with recessi on and devising new ways to keep up with the market share than slashing the prices down to meet competition. Bibliography References: http://www.tescoplc.com/plc/about_us/strategy/ http://www.businessballs.com/portersfiveforcesofcompetition.htm http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Tesco/249648 http://www.modelanswer.co.uk/business/help/pestle/tescos.php http://www.businessteacher.org.uk/business-resources/swot-analysis-database/tesco-swot-analysis/ http://www.tescoplc.com/plc/about_us/strategy/community/ http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Tesco/249648 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/jun/16/tesco-sales-losing-market-share Other Essays on Tesco Other essays available on the Tesco organisations are: Tesco Business analysis Tesco is one of the leading supermarkets Tesco Strategy analysis Tesco SWOT analysis Tesco Fresh Veg Supply Chain Management

Biography of Niccolo Machiavelli :: essays research papers

Niccolo Machiavelli - Biography Niccolo Machiavelli was born on May 3, 1469 in Florence , Italy. He is known for being a political philosopher, historian, writer, statesman, and diplomat. Machiavelli is best known for his famous, influential work, "The Prince" (1513). This brought him a reputation of: amoral cynicism, being associated with corrupt government, diabolical (Showing the cunning or ingenuity or wickedness typical of a devil). Machiavellian and Machiavellianism are two concepts coined from Machiavelli's views as stated in The Prince. Machiavelli is misunderstood because people judge him purely on the prince and because they do not read his Discourses as well. Many people criticize Machiavelli's drastic suggestions in The Prince. These people do not consider the state Italy was in when The Prince was written. Machiavelli wrote The Prince to help save Italy from frequent foreign invasions. According to those that knew Machiavelli, he was a religious and moral man. The Prince The prince was written in a time of large-scale blackmail, violence and political conflicts. political instability, fear, invasion, intrigue, Italy was repeatedly won and controlled by foreigners. The prince was Machiavelli's practical guide to Lorenzo Di Medici to act in this environment. In the final chapter of the prince, Machiavelli calls for an end to this choas, by suggesting Italy stand together with an army of their own against foreign invaders. Machiavelli wrote The Prince to help Lorenzo the Magnificent Di Medici to stay in power. He also wrote it to get back an advisory position in the Medici government. Unfortunately, Lorenzo did not agree with the suggestions in the book, so Machiavelli did not get a job. The Prince was different from the other documents of the time in that the prince had practical suggestions on how to deal with the current, existing problems of the period. The other documents were much more theoretical. There is a difference of opinion by readers of the prince, whether Machiavelli is essentiallly a good, religious person or someone that is bad and cruel. For example, Machiavelli praise Caesar Borgia , a cruel, vicious, dictator - hated and despised by many. Does this mean Machiavelli agrees that Ceasar's actions are justified? Machiavelli thought that Caesar's quick and deliberate qualities were just what is required to unite Italy. Machiavelli admired the qualities, not Caesar as a person. The Prince was written in 1513 but only published in 1532 after Machiavelli's death.

Relationship of Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Creativity

With the rapid development of dynamic global economy, increasingly countries are seeking breakthroughs of their economy development. Stimulated by these ever-increasing competition pressures, exploitation of new ideas and businesses which are of great potential to thrive economies, accordingly, is gainning widespread attention (Mansfield, 1972; Wong et al. , 2005).In consequence, on a global scale, not only some developed countries with strong capability to absorb and implement new ideas, but also some emerging developing countries, are taking measures to inspire entrepreneurship and innovation with purposes of benefiting economic development from these competitive advantages (Stoneman, 1995; Zhao, 2001). It is universally held that entrepreneurship and innovation are complementary and their combination can efficiently contribute to economy performance (Grupp, 2001; Stoneman, 1995).During the transfer from idea creation to eventually economy development, innovation is supposed to be a necessary condition, but it also demonstrates great insufficiency which can be completed by entrepreneurship’s mediating effects (Audretsch, 1995; Camp, 2005). This essay will primarily conduct a brief definition of entrepreneurship and innovation while introduce the role of problem solving and creativity, and thereby observe the synergy between entrepreneurship and innovation. Then theoretical and practical analysis will be made in their repective relationship with economy development.Ultimately, the holistic realtionship between entrepreneurship, in conjunction with innovation, and economy development will be discussed. Entrepreneurship and innovation are inclined to be misinterpreted identical since they both indicate creation and new development, but meanings they rootly represent are distinctive. Innovation is an instrument that intergrates, disperses and upgrades extant techniques and knowledge, then acts as a â€Å"conduit† for achieveing knowledge spillovers and technique invention, and consequently endows existing materials with a new capacity (Drucker, 1985; Drucker, 1994).Creativity, which represents generating new ideas, is the foundation of innovation, since innovation originates from creaticity (Amabile, 1996; Lumsdaine and Binks, 2007). In the initial stage of development, creativity is implemented to generate a wide range of ideas, and in a later period, innovation will rest on these creative ideas and further develop their potential. Entrepreneurship, however, is a type of organizational behavior focusing on opportunities rather than materials (Miller, 1983; Stevenson and Gumpert, 1991).It primarily consists of exploiting opportunities from various innovations, converting them into service or products, thereby commercializing it into market (Johnson, 2001). Problem solving spreads through their relationship and is connected with entrepreneurship in even every situation. It is the basis of generating ideas and then choosing the best for initiating and operating a prosperous business (Lumsdaine and Binks, 2007). In its definition stage, time is spent on searching for root causes and how the problem is inside correlated.Then in the discovery stage, energy will be concentrated on seeking plenty of ideas. In the following determination phrase, possible consequences will be considered by using criteria for success, and convert possibilities into practical application (Kirkham, Mosey and Binks, 2009). Arising from studies dealing with relationship between entrepreneurship and innovation, the synerty between them is generally accepted (Zhao, 2005). Firstly, entrepreneurship and innovation complement with each other (Zhao, 2001; Michael, 2005).On one hand, as Legge and Hindle (1997) have observed, innovation is the special-purpose tool of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs exploit opportunities and seek commercial success resting on creative ideas selected and provided by innovation (Zhao, 2001). Herbig and his colle agues (1994) take similar view and hold that entrepreneurship is one of three primary components of innovation, and presence of entrepreneurship can to some extent guarantee successful manipulation of another two.Entrepreneurship, on the other hand, enables innovation to flourish (Zhao, 2001; Michael, 2005). Schumpeter (1934) originally endeavors to associate innovation with entrepreneurship by identifying innovators as entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship enables innovation to realise further value by marketing them as products or services. Second, the development of entrepreneurship and innovation, and mutual effect between them for the successful practicality of innovation, demand support of innovative culture and management (Drucker, 1985; Zhao, 2001).The success of McDonald’s can be taken to confirm this point. Products sold in McDonald’s are not originally invented, virtually, they are just what had been produced in respectable restaurants many years ago. Nevertheless , by adopting a set of innovative management techniques and concepts, McDonald’s has standalized its products and designed specific working process based on which production can be analysed (Drucker, 1985). In consequence, McDonalds opened up a new area and substantially raised revenues.Before considering the relationship between entrepreneurship together with innovation and economy development, it is essential to respectively observe their relationship with economy development. Firstly, innovation is a vital contributor to economic development albeit with its insufficient nature (Grupp, 2001; Stoneman, 1995; Camp, 2005). In the perspective of necessity, Lichtenberg (1993) and Engelbrecht (1997) recognise this by pointing out that inovation can be regarded as a vital source of economy development.Another scholar, Porter (1979), confirms the view in terms of promoting the concept of value-based competitiveness, where innovation initially results in improved productivity, then the enhanced productivity creats higher competitiveness which eventually leads to better economy. For instance, 3M Company is famous for its characteristic of gaining growth through innovation. The company stimulates innovation by setting up the 15% rule-employers are encouraged to utilize 15% of working time to research their own ideas which may convert into new products in the future.As a consequence, a quarter of incomes of the Company are generated by products no more than six years old (Burns, 2005). In addition to the study supporting the necessity of innovation to foster economy development, there are some investigations demonstrating that innovation is not sufficient for continuously economy development (Grupp, 2001; Stoneman, 1995; Camp, 2005). Some scholars criticise that the role of innovation is overlooked and state that staying only in the sphere of innovation can not bring qualitative leap to economy (Allen, 1988; Audretsch, 1995).Camp (2005) approves of the view and h e maintains that many organisations are learning this lesson by experience. Their copious investment paid for innovation does not convert into property and can not continuously sustain economic development. Secondly, entrepreneurship is broadly accepted as a prominent driver of economy development (Schumpeter, 1912; Camp, 2005). As United Kindom Her Majesty's Treasury (2005) declared, entrepreneurship and its profound impact on entreprises have been one of five driving forces of the Nation’s remarkable strategy to promote economy development for the last ten years.Drucker (1985) also accepts the major role of entrepreneurship and he even indicated that present businesses could hardly survive if they do not secure entrepreneurial capacity. In addition, a positive relationship between economic development and entrepreneurship is captured by Braunerhjelm et al. (2009). They examed 20 countries in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development for 21 years and eventually came to the conclusion that entrepreneurship could positively affect economic development, with remarkable improvement in the perspective of competitiveness and new firms establishment.Wennekers and Thurik (1999) are in the same line with Braunerhjelm and state that entrepreneurship makes contribution to economy development by some process such as enhancing competitiveness, creating new firms and new jobs, and improving productivity. Besides, with increasingly practice, Schumpeter’s notion (1912), where economic growth and employment are provided and motivated by new businesses and existing firms which result from entrepreneurship, is widely accepted (Reynolds, 1999; Fritsch and Muller, 2004).In addition, statistical research of manufacturing sector by United Kindom Her Majesty's Treasury (2005) demonstrated the essential role of innovation for British economy. As their research result shows, 1. 2 million employments were provided by newly established businesses from 1997 to 2005. However, according to Hoffmann and Junge’s research (2006), UK has still approximately 18 percent less businesses than America, and he maintains that much higher entrepreneurial activity rates in America may interpret this to some extent.Having considered entrepreneurship and innovation’s separate relationship with economy development, it comes to conceive entrepreneurship and innovation as a whole and discuss their holistic relationship with economy development. As have been discussed, innovation and entrepreneurship are complementary. This can also apply to economy development. With the insuffiency of innovation, entrepreneurship plays a mediate role between innovation and ecocnomic development, which will more fully realize the commercial value of innovation and enhance the overall impact (Camp, 2005).Some scholars such as Allen (1988) approve that entrepreneurship should be reagrded as the pricinpal mechanism to convert preliminary-phase innovation into econo mic development. For example, in the 1980s, in the printing industry, a potential market gap existed between conventional printing and office photocopiers. A famous German company, Bayer, responsed to the problem with the development of an innovative technology which can provide quality, price-efficient and small-quantities colour printing for office uses.Nevertheless, the traditional chemical company did not plan to expand into printing area, so no material measures were taken to fill in the gap. But a few years later, the market gap expanded to a large scale which finally attracted Bayer’s attention. In 1988, based on the innovation mentioned above, Bayer established a new enterprise, Xeikon, to produce printers especially for office. Consenquently, by the end of 1998, 160 jobs had been created and the company had captured profits of 45 million pounds (Burns, 2005). Entrepreneurship’s mediating role is apparent in this case.If Xeikon were not founded, the innovative technology might stay in the innovation stage for much longer time and the printing industry might not be able to experience the revolution in that age (Burns, 2005). With the necessary yet insufficient nature of innovation and postitive impact of entrepreneurship on economic development, many regions which have invested a large amount of money in innovation begin to learn the indispensable role of entrepreneurship and find that they need entrepreneurship to further thrive economies and these investments’ ecomoic return (Camp, 2005).Innovation alone can only yield limited economic influence (Camp, 2005). Through the generative process of entrepreneurship, however, more significant economic gains can be captured. For instance, in an investigation by Camp (2005), a rise of approximately 60 percent in average wages was acturalized in the most innovative regions among 382 regions they researched, by enhancing innovation capability through entrepreneurship. The Table 1 below, extr acted from Camp’s (2005) another research, also indicates entrepreneurship’s mediating effects on innovation.Table 1: Tesing the Mediating Effiects of Entrepreneurship on Innovation and Regional Employment (Camp, 2005). Regression Models| Correlation| Coefficient| t-stat| R2| Model1:Total Employment| 0. 723| 512. 8| 4. 67| 81. 1%| Innovation| | | | | Entrepreneurship| 0. 716| 121. 1| 26. 03| | Model2: Entrepreneurship| 0. 611| 16. 4| 18. 95| 48. 0%| Innovation| | | | | Model3:Total Employment| 0. 723| 2,494. 6| 19. 02| 48. 2%| Innovation| | | | |The difference between Model 1 and Model 2, especially the value of R2 which represents impact on employment, indicates that the direct effect of innovation alone (48%) is much lower than the combined effect with the mediating process of entrepreneurship (81. 1%). In other words, the mediating effect of entrepreneurship can provide extra profits for businesses as well as covering the investment on innovation capability (Camp, 2 005). In conclusion, this essay has disscussed the relationship between entrepreneurship, in conjunction with innovation, and economy development, utilizing theories and examples in business.Attention is devoted to the positive relationship between the three issues. Innovation originates from creativity and endows materials with new capacity. Entrepreneurship utilizes innovation as a special tool, and it explores innovation’s potential economic value by selecting and commercialising innovation into market. Entrepreneurship and innovation are thus complementary and the synergy between them significantly benefits each other. Problem solving exists throughout the process from ideas generation to business estabilishment converting possibilities into practical application.In addition, innovation and entrepreneurship are respectively vital contributors to economy development, whereas the insufficient nature of innovation calls for mediating effect of entrepreneurship. Many theories and examples have illustrated this mediating effect which will more comprehensively realize the commercial value of innovation. With good combination of entrepreneurship and innovation, in consequence, economy can be effectively thrived and overall economy development will be achieved. Word Count: 1904